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Excerpts Attributed to Immanuel Bonfils
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{{#annotpage: author="Immanuel Bonfils", time="1340-1377"}} __TOC__ <br> {| |- | == Introduction - Decimal Fractions == | |- | |- |The division method of R. Immanuel |style="width:45%; text-align:right;"|‫<ref>P1054 31r</ref><big>ืืจื ืืืืง ืืจ' ืขืื ืืื ืืข'ื‫'<big> |- |Introduction |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืงืืื</big> |- |Know that the one is divided into ten parts called primes; each prime is divided into ten parts called seconds and so on endlessly. |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืข</big> ืื ืืืื ื ืืืง ืืขืฉืจื ืืืงืื ืืงืจืื ืจืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืง ืืขืฉืจื ืืืงืื ืืงืจืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืชืืืืช |- |Similarly I want to remind you that I call the rank of tens of integers "primes"; the hundreds of integers "seconds" and so on endlessly. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืจืชื ืืืืืืจื ืื ืื ื ื ืงืืจื ืืืขืืช ืืขืฉืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืจืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืชืืืืช |- |I call the rank of units by their name "units", since it is mean between the integers and the fractions, therefore, when the units are multiplied by units the result is units. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืื ื ืงืืจื ืืืชื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืืจืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืคื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฆืื ืืืืื |- |I call the ranks whose name is greater "having a greater name", meaning I call the thirds "having a greater name than" the seconds, since the [name of] the thirds is derived from three and [the name of] the seconds [is derived] from two; likewise the fourths "having a greater name than" the thirds, and so the fifths ["having a greater name than"] the fourths. This is for the integers as well as for the fractions. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ื ืงืืจื ืืืขืืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืื ืืฉื ืจืฆืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืื ืื ื ืงืืจื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืฉื ืืฉื ืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืฉืืืฉืืื ื ืืืจ ืืฉืืฉื ืืฉื ืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืื ืจืืืขืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืจืืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืืจืื |- |When I say: add the name of this to the name of this, or subtract the name of this from the name of this: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืจ ืฉื ืื ืขื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืจืข ืฉื ืื ืืฉื ืื |- |I mean add the name of the seconds to the name of the thirds and they are fifths. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10^{2+3}=10^5}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืจืฆืื ื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืขื ืฉื ืฉืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืื |- |If the name of the seconds to the name of the seconds, they are fourths. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10^{2+2}=10^4}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืขื ืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืจืืืขืืื |- |Also, subtract the name of the seconds from the name of the thirds; primes remain. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10^{3-2}=10^1}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืจืข ืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืืฉื ืฉืืืฉืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืื |- |If the name of the seconds from the name of the seconds, nothing remains, so they are in the rank of the units. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10^{2-2}=10^0}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืจ ืืืคืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืื |- |This is for integers as well as for fractions. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืืจืื |- |When you subtract a greater name from a smaller name, as if we say: we subtract fourths from seconds, whether fractions, or integers; the result is in the rank of seconds of the other type. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืฉืจ ืชืืจืข ืฉื ืืืื ืืฉื ืงืื ืืืืจื ื ื ืืจืข ืจืืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืจืื [ืื ืืฉืืืื]<ref>P1054 om.</ref> ืืืื ืืืขืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืฆื ืืืืจ |- |As if we say: we subtract the name of the fourths that are fractions from the name of the seconds that are fractions; the result is in the rank of seconds that are integers. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{10^{2-4}}=10^2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืจื ื ื ืืจืข ืฉื ืจืืืขืืื ืืฉืืจืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืืจืื ืืคืื ืืืขืืช ืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืื |- |When we say this for integers, i.e. we wish to subtract the name of the fourths that are integers from the name of the seconds that are integers, the result is of the seconds that are fractions. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10^{2-4}=\frac{1}{10^2}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืืจื ื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืจ"ื ืฉื ืจืฆื ืืืจืืข ืฉื ืจืืืขืืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืคืื ืืฉืืจืื ืฉื ืืื |- |When you multiply a number by a number and they are both integers or both fractions: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืชืืคืื ืืกืคืจ ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืจืื |- |Add the names of the ranks [one to the other] and the product is [in the rank whose name is their sum], of the integers, if both are integers, or of the fractions, if both are fractions. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{10^n\sdot10^m=10^{n+m}}}</math> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\frac{1}{10^n}\sdot\frac{1}{10^m}=\frac{1}{10^{n+m}}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืคื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืฉืืจืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืจืื |- |If [one is] integer and the other fraction: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืจืื |- |If their names are the same, the product is in the rank of units. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{10^n\sdot\frac{1}{10^n}=10^0}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืื ื ืืืคืื ืื ืืคื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืื |- |If the name of one is greater than the other, subtract the smaller from the greater and the product is as the name that remains: integers, if the [name of] the integers is greater, or fractions, if the [name of] the fractions is greater. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{m<n\;10^n\sdot\frac{1}{10^m}=10^{n-m}}}</math> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{m>n\;10^n\sdot\frac{1}{10^m}=\frac{1}{10^{m-n}}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืจื ืขื ืืืืจ ืืจืข ืืงืื ืืืืืื ืืืืกืคืจ ืืฉื ืฉืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืืคืื ืื ืืคื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืจืื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืืจืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื |- |When you divide a number by a number and they are both integers or both fractions: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืชืืืง ืืกืคืจ ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืจืื |- |If the names of their ranks are the same, the quotient is in the rank of units. Because, when you subtract this name from this name, nothing remains, so it is in the rank of units. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{10^n\div10^n=10^{n-n}=10^0}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉื ืืืจืืืชืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืืคืื ืืืืืงื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืคื ืฉืืืฉืจ ืชืืจืข ืฉื ืื ืืฉื ืื ืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืจ ืืืคืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืื |- |If [the name of] the upper is greater than the name of the lower, subtract the name of the lower from the name of the upper and the quotient is as the name that remains of the same type, i.e. integers, if [both are] integers, or fractions, if [both are] fractions. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{m<n\;10^n\div10^m=10^{n-m}}}</math> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{m<n\;\frac{1}{10^n}\div\frac{1}{10^m}=\frac{1}{10^{n-m}}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืฉื ืืชืืชืื ืืจืข ืฉื ืืชืืชืื ืืฉื ืืขืืืื ืืืืกืคืจ ืฉึตื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืคืื ืืืืืงื ืืฆื ืืืื ืจ"ื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืื<s>ื</s><sup>ื</sup> ืฉืืืื ืื ืืฉืืจืื ืื ืื<s>ื</s><sup>ื</sup> ืฉืืจืื |- |If [the name of] the lower is greater, subtract the name of the greater from the name of the lower and the quotient is as the name that remains of the opposite type: fractions, if both are integers, or integers, if both are fractions. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{n<m\;10^n\div10^m=\frac{1}{10^{m-n}}}}</math> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{n<m\;\frac{1}{10^n}\div\frac{1}{10^m}=10^{m-n}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืชืืชืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืจืข ืฉื ืืขืืืื ืืฉื ืืชืืชืื ืืืืกืคืจ ืฉื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืคืื ืืืืืงื ืืืคื ืืฆื ืจ"ื ืืฉืืจืื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืจืื |- |If one is integer and the other is fraction and the names of their ranks are the same, or not the same, add the names of their ranks and the quotient is as the name of the sum: fraction, if the upper is a fraction, or integer, if the upper is an integer. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\frac{1}{10^n}\div10^m=\frac{1}{10^{n+m}}}}</math> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{10^n\div\frac{1}{10^m}=10^{n+m}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืฉื ื ืฉืืจืื ืืฉื ืืืจืืืชืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืชื ืฉืื ืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืกืคืจ ืฉื ืืขืืื ืืฉืืจืื ืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืคืื ืืืืืงื |- | === Another Version - MS Paris 903 === | |- |Know that the one is divided into ten parts called primes; each prime [is divided] into ten parts called seconds, each second into ten thirds, each third into ten fourths and so on endlessly. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืข ืื ืืืื ื ืืืง ืื' ืืืงืื ืืงืจืื ืฉืืื'<sup>ืฉืืจื'</sup> ืจืืฉืื ื' ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ื' ืื' ืืืงื' ืืงืจืื ืฉืืื' <sup>ืฉืืจื'</sup> ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืื' ืื' ืฉืืืฉืื' ืืื ืฉืืืฉืื' ืื' ืจืืืขืื' ืืื ืขื ืืื ืงืฅ |- |I call the rank of tens of integers "primes"; the hundreds of integers "seconds", the thousands of integers "thirds", the tens of thousands of integers "fourths", the [hundreds of thousands] "fifths" and so on endlessly. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ื ืงืืจื ืืขืืช ืืขืฉืจื' ืฉืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืื' ืฉื ืื' ืืืืืคื' ืฉืืื' ืฉืืฉืื' ืืืจืืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืจืืืขืื' ืืืจืืืืช ืืืฉืื' ืืื ืขื ืืื ืงืฅ |- |I call the rank of units by their name "units", since they are mean between the integers and the fractions, therefore, when the units are multiplied by units the result is units, which does not happen in any other rank. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืืืื' ืื ื ืงืืจ' ืืฉืื ืืืื' ืื ืื ืืืืฆืขืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื' ืืืฉืืจื' ืขื ืื ืืืคื ืืืื' ืืืืื' ืืฆืื ืืืื' ืืฉ"ื ืืฉืื ืืขื' ืืืจืช |- |I call the seconds "having a greater name than" the primes, the thirds ["having a greater name than"] the seconds, and so on. This is for integers as well as for fractions. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ื ืงืืจื ืืฉื ืื' ืืืืื ืืฉื ืืจืืฉืื ื' ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืื ืืฉื ืื' ืืื ืืื ืื' ืืฉืืื' ืื' ืืฉืืจื‫' |- |When I say: add the name of the seconds to the name of the thirds, the result is fifths and so on. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10^{2+3}=10^5}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืื' ืืืจ ืฉื ืฉื ืื' ืขื ืฉื ืฉืืืฉืื' ืืฆื ืืืฉืื' ืืื ืืื |- |Also, when I say: subtract the name of the primes from the name of the seconds; primes remain. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10^{2-1}=10^1}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืื' ืืจืข ืฉื ืจืืฉืื ื' ืืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืจืืฉืื ื‫' |- |If from the name of the primes, nothing remains, so they are in the rank of the units, for integers as well as for fractions. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10^{1-1}=10^0}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืฉื ืจืืฉืื ืื ืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืจ ืืืืคืื ืืืขื' ืืืืื' ืื' ืืฉืืื' ืื' ืืฉืืจื‫' |- |If the subtracted has a greater name than the minuend, as if you subtract fourths from seconds, if they are fractions, the result are seconds of integers, and if they are integers, the result are seconds of fractions. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10^{2-4}=\frac{1}{10^2}\quad\frac{1}{10^{2-4}}=10^2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืืจืข ืืืื ืืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืจืขืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืฉืชืืจืข ืจืืืขืื' ืืฉื ืื' ืื ืื ืืฉืืจื' ืืฆืื ืฉื ืื' ืฉืืื' ืืื ืื ืืฉืืื' ืืฆืื ืฉืืจื' ืฉื ืืื |- |When you multiply integers by integers or fractions by fractions: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืฉืชืืคื ืฉืืื' ืืฉืืื' ืื ืฉืืจื' ืืฉืืจื‫' |- |Add the names of the ranks [one to the other] and the product is [in the rank whose name is their sum]. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{10^n\sdot10^m=10^{n+m}}}</math> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\frac{1}{10^n}\sdot\frac{1}{10^m}=\frac{1}{10^{n+m}}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืจืื' ืืฉื ืืคืื ืื ืืคื |- |When you multiply integers by fractions: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืฉืชืืคื ืฉืืื' ืืฉืืจื‫' |- |If their names are the same, the product is in the rank of units. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{10^n\sdot\frac{1}{10^n}=10^0}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืืคืื ืื ืืคื ืืืืื‫' |- |If not, subtract the names of the smaller from the name of the greater and the product is as the name that remains after the subtraction. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{m<n\;10^n\sdot\frac{1}{10^m}=10^{n-m}}}</math> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{m>n\;10^n\sdot\frac{1}{10^m}=\frac{1}{10^{m-n}}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืื ืืจืข ืฉื ืืงืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืืคืื ืื ืืคื [..] ืืฆื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืจ ืืืจืขืื |- |As if you multiply 3 seconds of integers by 2 sevenths of fractions: subtract 2 from 7; the result is 5. We find that the result of the multiplication is 6 fifths of fractions. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(3\sdot10^{2}\right)\times\left(2\sdot\frac{1}{10^7}\right)=6\sdot\frac{1}{10^{7-2}}=6\sdot\frac{1}{10^{5}}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืชืืคืื ื' ืฉืืื' ืฉื ืื' ืื' ืฉืืจื' ืฉืืืขืื' ืชืืจืข ื' ืื' ืืืฉืืจ ื ื ืืฆ' ืืขืื ืืืคื ื' ืฉืืจื' ืืืฉืืื |- |If 3 seconds of fractions by 2 sevenths of integers, the product is 6 fifths of integers. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(3\sdot\frac{1}{10^2}\right)\times\left(2\sdot10^{7}\right)=6\sdot10^{7-2}=6\sdot10^{5}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื' ืฉืืจื' ืฉื ืื' ืื' ืฉืืื' ืฉืืืขืื' ืืืื ืื ืืคื ื' ืฉืืื' ืืืฉืืื |- |This is the rule: when you divide a number by a number and they are both integers or both fractions: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืฆืืจื ืืื ืืฉืชืืืง ืืกืคืจ ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืื' ืื ืฉื ืื' ืฉืืจื‫' |- |If the names of their ranks are the same, the quotient is always in the rank of units. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{10^n\div10^n=10^{n-n}=10^0}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืฉื ืืืจืืืชืื' ืฉืื ืชืคืื ืืืืืง ืืืืื' ืืขืืื |- |If the name of the upper is greater than [the name of] the lower, subtract the name of the lower from [the name of the upper] and the quotient is as [the name] that remains [of the same type], i.e. integers, if [both are] integers, or fractions, if [both are] fractions. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{m<n\;10^n\div10^m=10^{n-m}}}</math> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{m<n\;\frac{1}{10^n}\div\frac{1}{10^m}=\frac{1}{10^{n-m}}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืฉื ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืชืืชืื ืืจืข ืฉื ืืชืืชืื ืืื ื ืืืืกืคืจ ืื ืฉืืจ ืชืคืื ืืืืืงื ืืฆื ืืื' ืจ"ื ืื ืื ืฉืืื' ืฉืืื' ืืื ืฉืืจื' ืฉืืจื‫' |- |If the name of the lower is greater, subtract [the name of] the greater from [the name of the lower] and the quotient is as [the name] that remains of the opposite type i.e.: fractions, if both the divisor and the dividend are integers, or integers, if both are fractions. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{n<m\;10^n\div10^m=\frac{1}{10^{m-n}}}}</math> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{n<m\;\frac{1}{10^n}\div\frac{1}{10^m}=10^{m-n}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืฉื ืืชืืชืื ืืืื ืืจืข ืืขืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืกืคืจ ืื ืฉืืจ ืชืคืื ืืืืืง ืืืคื ืืฆื ืจ"ื ืืฉืืจื' ืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืืง ืฉืืื' ืืืฉืืื' ืื ืื ืฉืืจืื |- |If one is integer and the other is fraction and the names of their ranks are the same, or not the same, add the names of their ranks and the quotient is as the name of the sum, of the type of the upper number, i.e. the dividend: integer, if [the upper] is an integer, or fraction, if [the upper is] a fraction,. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\frac{1}{10^n}\div10^m=\frac{1}{10^{n+m}}}}</math> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{10^n\div\frac{1}{10^m}=10^{n+m}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉื ื ืฉืืจื' ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืืชืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืชื ืฉืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืื' ืืื ืืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืคื ืืืืืง ืืฆื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืขืืืื ืจ"ื ืืืชืืืง ืื ืฉืืื' ืืฉืืื' ืืฉืืจื' ืืฉืืจื‫' |- | === MS Paris 1081 15r-16v === | |- |Said Immanuel the son of Jacob: Since the division procedure is more difficult for the students than the multiplication procedure, and this is the way for the wise arithmeticians to extract the unknown number from the knowledge of the remaining five numbers and this is done by two multiplications and two divisions in different ways, we found it appropriate to explain how to extract the unknown from the knowledge of the remaining five and this is done by three multiplications and one division and I first give some signs for this procedure: |style="text-align:right;"|‫<ref>15r</ref>ืืืจ ืขืื ืืื ืื ืืขืงื ืืคื ืฉืืขืฉื ืืืืืง ืืืชืจ ืงืฉื ืืืชืืืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืคื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืฉืืจ ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืื ืขืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืชืื ืืืืขืช ืืืืฉื ืืกืคืจืื ืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืขืฉื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืคืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืงืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืื ืื ืจืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืื ืื ืขืื ืืชืื ืืืืขืช ืืืืฉื ืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืขืฉื ืืื ืฉืืฉื ืืคืืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ื ืืชืช ืงืฆืช ืืืชืืช ืื ืื ืืืขืฉื |- |Let the ratio of A to B consist of the ratio of G to D and the ratio of H to W. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{A:B=\left(G:D\right)\sdot\left(H:W\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ืืืก ื' ืื ื' ืืืืืจ ืืืืก ื' ืื ื' ืืืืืก ื' ืื ื‫' |- |It has already been explained in [V].23 of Euclid that the ratio of the product of G by H to the product of D by W consists of the ratio of side G to side D and the ratio of side H to side W. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(G\sdot H\right):\left(D\sdot W\right)=\left(G:D\right)\sdot\left(H:W\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืจ ืืชืืืจ ืืชืืื ืช ื"ื ืืฉืฉื ืืงืืืืืก ืฉืืืก ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ื' ืื' ืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืืืจ ืืืืก ืฆืืข ื' ืื ืฆืืข ื' ืืืืืก ืฆืืข ื' ืื ืฆืืข ื‫' |- |So, the ratio of A to B is the same as the ratio of the product of G by H to the product of D by W. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{A:B=\left(G\sdot H\right):\left(D\sdot W\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืืืก [ื]' ืื ื' ืืืืก ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ื' ืื' ืื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ื' ืื‫' |- |Let the product of G by H be the number Z and the product of D by W be the number T. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{G\sdot H=Z\quad D\sdot W=T}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืื ืฉืื ื' ืื' ืืกืคืจ ื' ืืฉืื ื' ืื' ืืกืคืจ ื‫' |- |Hence, the ratio of A to B is the same as the ratio of Z to T. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{A:B=Z:T}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืืืก ื' ืื ื' ืืืืก ื' ืื ื‫' |- |We multiply the extremes, which are A by T; let it be L. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{A\sdot T=L}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ื ืืคืื ืืงืฆืืช ืฉืื ื' ืื' ืืืืื ื‫' |- |We divide L by the mean, which is B; the result is Z, which is the other mean. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{L}{B}=Z}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืืง ื' ืขื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืื ื' ืืืขืื ืื' ืฉืืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืืจ |- |Or, we divide L by the mean, which is Z; the result is B, which is the other mean. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{L}{Z}=B}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ืืืง ื' ืขื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืื ื' ืืืขืื ื' ืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจ |- |Or, we multiply the means, which are B by Z; it is L. We divide it by one extreme, which is T; the result is A, which is the other extreme. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{B\sdot Z}{T}=\frac{L}{T}=A}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ืืคืื ืืืืฆืขืืื ืฉืื ื' ืื' ืืืืื ื' ืื ืืืง ืขื ืืงืฆื ‫<ref>15v</ref>ืืืื ืืืื ื' ืืืขืื ื' ืฉืืื ืืงืฆื ืืืืจ |- |This is clear. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืืืจ |- |Thus, we explained [the case] when the first, which is A, is unknown, or the second, which is B, is unknown. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืืืืจื ื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ื' ื ืขืื <s>ืืื</s> ืื ืืฉื ื ืืืื ื' ื ืขืื |- |It is explained in the eighteen propositions in the Conic Section of Menelaus that when the ratio of the first, which is A, to B, which is the second, consists of the ratio of G, which is the third, to D, which is the fourth, and the ratio of H, which is the fifth, to W, which is the sixth, then also the ratio of the third, which is G, to the fourth, which is D, consists of the ratio of the first, which is A to the second, which is B, and the ratio of the sixth, which is W, to the fifth, which is H. This is the eleventh proposition in the mentioned book. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{A:B=\left(G:D\right)\sdot\left(H:W\right)}}</math> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{G:D=\left(A:B\right)\sdot\left(W:H\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืืจ ืืชืืื ื ืืืชืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ื{{#annot: Menelaus | authors | PoYr}}ืืืืืืก{{#annotend:PoYr}} ืืฉืื ื ืขืฉืจ ืคื ืื ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืก ืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ื' ืื ื' ืืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืืก ื' ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืื ื' ืืืื ืืจืืืขื ืืืืืก ื' ืื ื' ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ื' ืืืื ืืฉืฉื ืื ื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืก ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืื ื' ืื ืืจืืืขื ืืืื ื' ืืืืืจ ืืืืก ืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ื' ืื ืืฉื ื ืืืื ื' ืืืืืก ืืฉืฉื ืืืื ื' ืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ื' ืืืื ืืคืขื ืืืืช ืขืฉืจื ืขืฉืจื ืืืชืืื ื ืื ืืืจืช |- |Therefore, we set the ratio as follows: third, first, fourth, second, first, third, second, fourth, sixth, fifth, fifth, sixth. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ื ืขืฉื ืืืืก ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืจืืฉืื ืจืืืขื ืฉื ื ืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ื ืจืืืขื ืฉืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืฉื ืฉืฉื |- |Thus, according to the method we explained first, we can know [them] when the third is unknown, or when the fourth is unknown. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืขื ืืืจื ืฉืืืืจื ื ืจืืฉืื ื ื ืืื ืืืขืช ืื ื' ืฉืืื ืฉืืืฉื ื ืขืื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืจืืืขื ื ืขืื |- |It is also explained in the seventeenth proposition in the mentioned book that when the ratio of A, which is the first, to B, which is the second, consists of the ratio of G, which is the third, to D, which is the fourth, and the ratio of H, which is the fifth, to W, which is the sixth, then also the ratio of the fifth, which is H, to the sixth, which is W, consists of the ratio of the first, which is A to the second, which is B, and the ratio of the fourth, which is D, to the third, which is G. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{A:B=\left(G:D\right)\sdot\left(H:W\right)}}</math> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{H:W=\left(A:B\right)\sdot\left(D:G\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืืชืืืจ ืืคืขื ืืฉืืขื ืขืฉืจ ืืืชืืื ื ืื ืืืจืช ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืืก ื' ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ื' ืืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืืก ื' ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืื ื' ืืืื ืจืืืขืื ืืืืืก ื' ืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืื ื' ืืืื ืืฉืฉื ืื ื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืก ืืืืฉื ืืืื ื' ืื ืืฉืฉื ืืืื ื' ืืืืืจ ืืืืก ืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ื' <s>ืืืืฆืขื</s> ืืฉื ื ืืืื ื' ืืืืืก ืืจืืืขื ืืืื ื' ืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืื‫<ref>16r</ref>ื‫' |- |Therefore, we set the ratio as follows: fifth, first, sixth, second, first, third, second, fourth, fifth, third, sixth. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ื ืขืฉื ืืืืก ืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉืื ืฉืฉื ืฉื ื ืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ื ืจืืืขื ืืืฉื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉืฉื |- |Thus, according to the method we explained first, we can know [them] when H, which is the fifth, is unknown, or when W, which is the sixth, is unknown. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืขื ืืืจื ืฉืืืืจื ื ืจืืฉืื ื ื ืืื ืืืขืช ืื ื' ืฉืืื ืืืฉื ื ืขืื ืื ื' ืฉืืื ืฉืฉื ื ืขืื |- |The educated will understand. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืฉืืื ืืืื |- | colspan="2"| {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;" |- | || || ||ืฉืฉื||ืืืฉื||ืจืืืขื||ืฉืืืฉื||ืฉื ื||ืจืืฉืื |- |ื||ื‫'||ื‫'||ื‫'||ื‫'||ื‫'||ื‫'||ื‫'||ื‫' |} |- | colspan="2"| {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center; color:blue" |- | || || ||sixth||fifth||fourth||third||second||first |- |L||T||Z||W||H||D||G||B||A |} |- |If the first, which is A, is unknown: we multiply G by H; it is Z. We also multiply B by W; it is T. We also multiply B by Z; it is L. We divide L by T; the result is A, which is the unknown first. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{A=\frac{B\sdot\left(G\sdot H\right)}{B\sdot W}=\frac{B\sdot Z}{T}=\frac{L}{T}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ื' ื ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ืื ืืืง ื' ืขื ื' ืืืฆื ื' ืฉืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืขืื |- |If the [second], which is B, is unknown: we multiply G by H; it is Z. We also multiply B by W; it is T. We also multiply A by T; it is L. We divide L by Z; the result is B, which is the unknown second. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{B=\frac{A\sdot\left(B\sdot W\right)}{G\sdot H}=\frac{A\sdot T}{Z}=\frac{L}{Z}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืฉืฉื ืืืื ื' ื ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ื ืืืง ื' ืขื ื' ืืืฆื ื' ืฉืืื ืืฉื ื ืื ืขืื |- |If the third, which is G, is unknown: we multiply A by W; it is Z. We also multiply B by H; it is T. We also multiply D by Z; it is L. We divide L by T; the result is G, which is the unknown third. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{G=\frac{D\sdot\left(A\sdot W\right)}{B\sdot H}=\frac{D\sdot Z}{T}=\frac{L}{T}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืื ื' ื ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ื ืืืง ื' ืขื ื' ืืืฆื ื' ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืื ืขืื |- |If the forth, which is D, is unknown: we multiply A by W; it is Z. We also multiply B by H; it is T. We also multiply G by T; it is L. We divide L by Z; the result is D, which is the unknown fourth. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{D=\frac{G\sdot\left(B\sdot H\right)}{A\sdot W}=\frac{G\sdot T}{Z}=\frac{L}{Z}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืจืืืขื ืืืื ื' ื ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ืขืื ืืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ื ืืืง ื' ืขื ื' ืืืฆื ื' ืฉืืื ืืจืืืขื ืื ืขืื |- |If the fifth, which is H, is unknown: we multiply A by D; it is Z. We also multiply B by G; it is T. We also multiply W by Z; it is L. We divide L by T; the result is H, which is the unknown fifth. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{H=\frac{W\sdot\left(A\sdot D\right)}{B\sdot G}=\frac{W\sdot Z}{T}=\frac{L}{T}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ื' ื ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ื ืืืง ื' ืขื ื' ืืืฆื ื' ืฉืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ืขืื |- |If the sixth, which is W, is unknown: we multiply A by D; it is Z. We also multiply B by G; it is T. We also multiply H by T; it is L. We divide L by Z; the result is W, which is the unknown sixth. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{W=\frac{H\sdot\left(B\sdot G\right)}{A\sdot D}=\frac{H\sdot T}{Z}=\frac{L}{Z}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืฉืฉื ืืืื ื' ื ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ืขืื ื ืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื' ื ืืืง ื' ืขื ื' ืืืฆื ื' ืฉืืื ืืฉืฉื ืื ืขืื |- |This is about the way I explained to extract the unknown from the six by the knowledge of the remaining five. Understand [this]. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืขื ืืจื ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืืฆืื ืื ืขืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืฉืฉื ืืชืื ืืืืขืช ืืืืฉื ืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืื |- | == Table โ multiplication of sexagesimal fractions (Firenze) == |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืื ืืคืืืช ืืืขืืืช ืืฉืืจืืื</big> |- | colspan="2"| {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;" |- |ืืืืฉืืื||ืจืืืขืืื||ืฉืืืฉืืื||ืฉื ืืื||ืฉืืจืื||ืืขืืืช|| |- |ืืืืฉืืื||ืจืืืขืืื||ืฉืืืฉืืื||ืฉื ืืื||ืฉืืจืื||ืืขืืืช||ืืขืืืช |- |ืฉืฉืืื||ืืืืฉืืื||ืจืืืขืืื||ืฉืืืฉืืื||ืฉื ืืื||ืฉืืจืื||ืฉืืจืื |- |ืฉืืขืืื||ืฉืฉืืื||ืืืืฉืืื||ืจืืืขืืื||ืฉืืืฉืืื||ืฉื ืืื||ืฉื ืืื |- |ืฉืืื ืืื||ืฉืืืขืืื||ืฉืฉืืื||ืืืืฉืืื||ืจืืืขืืื||ืฉืืืฉืืื||ืฉืืืฉืืื |- |ืชืฉืืขืืื||ืฉืืื ืืื||ืฉืืืขืืื||ืฉืฉืืื||ืืืืฉืืื||ืจืืืขืืื||ืจืืืขืืื |- |ืขืฉืืจืืื||ืชืฉืืขืืื||ืฉืืื ืืื||ืฉืืืขืืื||ืฉืฉืืื||ืืืฉืืื||ืืืืฉืืื |} |- | colspan="2"| {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center; color:blue" |- |fifths||fourths||thirds||seconds||primes||degrees|| |- |fifths||fourths||thirds||seconds||primes||degrees||degrees |- |sixths||fifths||fourths||thirds||seconds||primes||primes |- |sevenths||sixths||fifths||fourths||thirds||seconds||seconds |- |eighths||sevenths||sixths||fifths||fourths||thirds||thirds |- |ninths||eighths||sevenths||sixths||fifths||fourths||fourths |- |tenths||ninths||eighths||sevenths||sixths||fifths||fifths |} |- | == Table โ multiplication of sexagesimal fractions (Firenze) == |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืื ืืืืืง ืืฉืืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืืฉื ื</big> |- | colspan="2"| {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;" |- |ืฉืฉืืื||ืืืืฉืืื||ืจืืืขืืื||ืฉืืืฉืืื||ืฉื ืืื||ืฉืืจืื||ืืขืืืช |- |ืืืืฉืืื||ืจืืืขืืื||ืฉืืืฉืืื||ืฉื ืืื||ืฉืืจืื||ืืขืืืช||ืฉืืจืื |- |ืจืืืขืืื||ืฉืืืฉืืื||ืฉื ืืื||ืฉืืจืื||ืืขืืืช||ืฉืืจืื||ืฉื ืืื |- |ืฉืืืฉืืื||ืฉื ืืื||ืฉืืจืื||ืืขืืืช||ืฉืืจืื||ืฉื ืืื||ืฉืืืฉืืื |- |ืฉื ืืื||ืฉืืจืื||ืืขืืืช||ืฉืืจืื||ืฉื ืืื||ืฉืืืฉืืื||ืจืืืขืืื |- |ืฉืืจืื||ืืขืืืช||ืฉืืจืื||ืฉื ืืื||ืฉืืืฉืืื||ืจืืืขืืื||ืืืืฉืืื |- |ืืขืืืช||ืฉืืจืื||ืฉื ืืื||ืฉืืืฉืืื||ืจืืืขืืื||ืืืืฉืืื||ืฉืฉืืื |} |- | colspan="2"| {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center; color:blue" |- |sixths||fifths||fourths||thirds||seconds||primes||degrees |- |fifths||fourths||thirds||seconds||primes||degrees||primes |- |fourths||thirds||seconds||primes||degrees||primes||seconds |- |thirds||seconds||primes||degrees||primes||seconds||thirds |- |seconds||primes||degrees||primes||seconds||thirds||fourths |- |primes||degrees||primes||seconds||thirds||fourths||fifths |- |degrees||primes||seconds||thirds||fourths||fifths||sixths |} |- | == Multiplication of integers (Firenze) == | |- | *Example for the multiplication methods: we wish to multiply 127 by 355. :<math>\scriptstyle127\times355</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืื ืขื ืืจืื ืืืคื ืจืฆืื ื ืืืคืื ืงื"ื ืขื ืฉื "ื |- | ::We write 127 on the upper line and 355 on the other lower [line]. This is its diagram: |style="width:45%; text-align:right;"|ืืืชืื ื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืงื"ื ืืืฉื ื ืืฉืคื ืฉื "ื ืืื ืฆืืจืชื |- | ::{|class="wikitable" style="color:blue; text-align:center; |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |1||2||7 |- |3||5||5 |} |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- | ||2||4||8||5 |- | ||7||1||0|| |- |3||5||5|| || |} |- |the sum |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |4||5||0||8||5 |} |- |} | {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; text-align:center;" |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||ื||ื |- |ื||ื||ื |} |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- | ||ื||ื||ื||ื |- | ||ื||ื||0|| |- |ื||ื||ื|| || |} |- |ืืืืืืจ |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||ื||0||ื||ื |} |- |} |- | ::We multiply 7 by 5; it is 35. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{7\times5=35}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืคืื ื ื' ืขื ื' ืืืื ื"ื |- | ::We write 5 in the first rank, corresponding to 7; and keep the 3, in order to add it to the second rank. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืชืื ื ื' ืืืขืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืื ืื ื' ืืฉืืจื ื ืื' ืืื ืืฆืจืฃ ืืืชื ืื ืืืขืื ืืฉื ืืื |- | ::We multiply 7 by the second lower 5; the result is 35. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{7\times5=35}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืขืื ืืคืื ื ื' ืขื ื' ืืฉื ื ืืชืืชืื ืขืื ื"ื |- | ::We add the 5 to the 3 we kept; the result is 8. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{5+3=8}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจื ื ืื' ืขื ืื' ืฉืฉืืจื ื ืืขืื ื‫' |- | ::We write 8 in the second rank, beneath the 2 of the upper line and we write the 3 in the third rank, beneath the 1 of the upper line, with the result of multiplication of that rank. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืื ื ื' ืืืขืื ืืฉื ืืช ืชืืช ื' ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืื' ืฉืื ื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืชืืช ืื' ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืขื ืืืืฆื ืืืคื ืืืชื ืืืขืื |- | ::We multiply the first 7 by the lower 3; the result is 21. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{7\times3=21}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืขืื ืืคืื ื ื' ืืจืืฉืื ืขื ืื' ืืชืืชืื ืขืื ื"ื |- | ::We add the 1 to the 3 we kept; it is 84. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{1+3=4}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจื ื ื' ืขื ืื' ืฉืฉืืจื ื ืืืื ื‫' |- | ::We write 4 beneath the 1 in the third rank and 2 in the fourth rank. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืชืื ื ื' ืชืืช ืื' ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืื' ืืืขืื ืจืืืขืืช |- | ::We multiply the upper middle 2 by the first 5 on the lower line; the result is ten. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\times5=10}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืขืื ืืคืื ื ื' ืืืืฆืขื ืืขืืืื ืขื ื' ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืขืื ืขืฉืจ |- | ::We write a zero in the second [rank] and 1 in the third [rank], beneath the 3 of the lower line. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืชืื ื ืฆืืคืจื ืืฉืื ืืช ืื' ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืชืืช ืื' ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืคื |- | ::We multiply the upper 2 by the second upper 5; the result is ten. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\times5=10}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืขืื ืืคืื ื ื' ืืขืืืื ืขื ืื' ืืฉื ื ืืชืืชืื ืขืื ืขืฉืจ |- | ::We add the 10 to the 1 we kept; it is 11. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10+1=11}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจื ื ื' ืขื ืื' ืฉืฉืืจื ื ืืืื ื"ื |- | ::We write 1 in the third [rank] and keep the 1 in the fourth [rank]. |style="text-align:right;"|ืฉืื ื ื' ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืื' ืฉืืจื ื ืืจืืืขืืช |- | ::We multiply 2 by 3; it is six. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\times3=6}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืขืื ืืคืื ื ื' ืขื ื' ืืืื ืฉืฉื |- | ::We add the 6 to the 1; it is 7. We write it in the fourth [rank]. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{6+1=7}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจื ื ืื' ืขื ืื' ืืืื ื' ืืืชืื ืืื ืืจืืืขืืช |- | ::We multiply 1 by the first 5 in the lower line; we write 5 in the third [rank]. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{1\times5=5}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืขืื ืืคืื ื ื' ืขื ื' ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืืชืื ื ื' ืืฉืืืฉืืช<br> ืขืื ืืคืื ื ื' ืขื ื' ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืืชืื ื ื' ืืฉืืืฉืืช |- | ::We multiply 1 by the second 5; we write 5 in the fourth [rank]. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{1\times5=5}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืขืื ืืคืื ื ื' ืขื ื' ืืฉื ื ืืืชืื ื ื' ืืจืืืขืืช |- | ::We multiply 1 by 3; we write 3 in the fifth [rank]. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{1\times3=3}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืขืื ืืคืื ื ื' ืขื ื' ืืืชืื ื ื' ืืืขืื ืืืืืฉืืช |- | ::The multiplication is complete. |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืฉืื ืืคื ืืืืืจ |- | ::We sum up the result of multiplication of the two rows: |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืฆื ืืืคื ืฉื ื ืืืืจืื |- | ::We write 5 in the first rank. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืชืื ื' ืืื ืืืขืื ืืจืืฉืื ื |- | ::8 in the second. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื' ืืฉื ืืช |- | ::4, 1, 5 are ten; we write 0 in the third and mark a point in the fourth to sign the ten. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{4+1+5=10}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื' ืื' ืื' ืขืืืื ืขืฉืจื ื ืขืฉื 0' ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืื ืฉืื ื ืงืืื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืขืื' ืืขืฉืจื |- | ::We sum up 2, 7, 5; it is 14. Then the reserved; it is 15. We write 5 in the fourth rank and a point in the fifth. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{5+7+2+1=14+1=15}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืจ ื ืืืจ ื'ื'ื' ืืื ื"ื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืืจ ืืจื ื"ื ื ืฉืื ื' ืืืขืื ืืจืืืขืืช ืื ืงืืื ืืืืืฉืืช |- | ::We add one to the 3; it is 4. We write 4 in the fifth rank. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{1+3=4}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืื' ืืืืื ื' ืื ืืชืื ื' ืืืขืื ืืืืฉืืช |- | ::The addition is complete. |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืฉืื ืืืืืจ |- |The scales of multiplication by [casting out] the nines |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืคื ืขื ืืฉ' ื' ื‫'</big> |- | ::We consider the [digits] in the upper row as if they were units; they are ten according to this way. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ืืฉืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืขืฉืจื ืืื ืืืจื |- | ::We cast out the nine; 1 remains. We write it next to the upper row. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10-9=1}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืืื ื ืืชืฉืขื ืื ืฉืืจ ื' ืืืชืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื |- | ::{|class="wikitable" style="color:blue; text-align:center; |- |1 |rowspan="2"| {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |1||2||7 |- |3||5||5 |} |- |4 |- |} | {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; text-align:center;" |- |ื |rowspan="2"| {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||ื||ื |- |ื||ื||ื |} |- |ื |- |} |- | ::Then, we calculate the bottom row; we find the result is 13. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจ ืื ืืฉืื ื ืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืขืืื ื"ื |- | ::We subtract the 9; 4 remains. We write it next to the one. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{13-9=4}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืคืื ื ืื' ืื ืฉืืจื ื' ืืืชืื ืื ืืฆืื ืืื |- | ::Then we multiply 1 by 4; it is 4. We keep it. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{1\times4=4}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืจ ืืคืื ื ื' ืขื ื' ืืืื ื' ืืฉืืจื ืื |- | ::We calculate the result, which is 45085; the result is 22. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{4+5+0+8+5=22}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ื ืืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ื ื 0 ื ื ืืขืื ื"ื |- | ::We cast out 18, which is removed by nines; 4 remains and it is equal to the product of the scales of the two rows. Therefore we know that our calculation is correct. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{22-18=4}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืืื ื ื"ื ืฉืืืื ืืชืฉืืขืืืช ืื ืฉืืจื ื' ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคื ืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืืฉืืื ืื ื ืืืชื |- |The rule is that when one of the multiplicands of the product is cast out by nines, whether the upper or the bottom, then the result of the multiplication should be cast out by nines; otherwise not. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืคื ืืืื ืืชืฉืืขืืืช ืื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืฉืคื ืืืืฆื ืืืืืจ ืืืคื ืจืืื ืืืืช ืืชืฉืืขืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืฆืืจื |- |If both are not removed by nines, multiply the remainders of the two rows of multiplication by each other and see the remainder from nines, whether it is 5, or 6, or 7. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืชืฉืืขืืืช ืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืชืืคืื ืืขืืืฃ ืืฉื ื ืืืจื ืืืคื ืื ืขื ืื ืืจืื ืื ืฉืืขืืืฃ ืขื ืชืฉืืขืืืช ืื ื' ืื ื' ืื ื‫' |- |That is, see the result of the upper row and multiply it by the result of the bottom row. |style="text-align:right;"|ืจ"ื ืชืจืื ืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืชืืคืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืคื |- | ::As if there are 3 and 4 in the upper [row], then the result is 7; and in the bottom [row] there are 2 and 3, so the result is 5: multiply 7 by 5; the result is 35. The remainder from the nines you cast out is 8. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(3+4\right)\times\left(2+3\right)=7\times5=35_9\equiv 8}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืื ื' ื' ืฉืขืืื ื' ืืืชืืชืื ื' ื' ืฉืขืืื ื' ืชืืคืื ื' ืขื ื' ืขืืื ื"ื ื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืชืฉืืขืืืช ืฉืืฉืืืช ื‫' |- |The same will be in the product no more and no less, when you examine how much is the result of the multiplication and by how much it exceeds over nine. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืคืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืชืขืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืคื ืืืื ืืขืืืฃ ืขื ืชืฉืขื |- |If the total of the upper row and of the bottom row are less than 9, multiply the upper by the bottom, see by how much [the product] exceeds over nines and the same should be for the result of the multiplication, if the multiplication is correct; otherwise, it is incorrect. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืื ืืขืื ืืื ื' ืชืคืื ืืขืืืื ืขื ืืฉืคื ืืจืื ืื ืฉืืขืืืฃ ืขื ืชืฉืืขืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืคื ืืฆืืง ืืื ืื ืืฆืืง ืชื |- | == Division of integers == | |- |Conducted by Bonfils may his soul rest in paradise. |style="text-align:right;"|‫<ref>Guenzburg 193v</ref>ืขืฉืื ืฉืื ืืื ืคืืื ื "ืข‫<ref>MS Firenze: ืืืืืจ ืืืืืง ืขืฉืื ื'ื'ืจ' ืขืื ืืื ืื ืืขืงื ืข"ื ืืขื ืืื ืคืืื; MS London: ืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืืื ืจ ืขืื ืืื ืื ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืจื ืงื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืงืจืื ืืื ืืืจ; MS P1081 ืืืจ ืขืื ืืื ืื ืืขืงื</ref> |- |When you want to divide many digits by many digits, however many there may be, write the number you wish to divide, which is the greater, in one row, each one according to its rank and call it "the upper row". |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืฉืชืจืฆื</big> ืืืืง ืืกืคืจืื ืจืืื ืขื ืืกืคืจืื ืจืืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืชืฉืื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืชืจืฆื ืืืืงื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืคื ืืขืืชื ืืงืจื ืืืจ ืขืืืื‫<ref>ืขื ืืกืคืจืื ืจืืื ืืื ืฉืืืื: MS P1081 om.</ref> |- |Write the second number, by which you want to divide, and it is the smaller, in another row, beneath the upper row, each beneath its type, i.e.: units beneath units, tens beneath tens etc., and this row is called "the bottom row". |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืกืคืจ ืืฉื ื ืฉืชืจืฆื ืืืืง ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืงืื ืชืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืืจ ืชืืช ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืื ืืื ืชืืช ืืื ื ืจ"ื ืืืืื ืชืืช ืืืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืชืืช ืขืฉืจืืช ืืื' ืฉืืืืจ ืืงืจื ืืืืจ ืืฉืคื‫<ref>ืืืืจ: MS L om.<br> ืืืืจ: MS L om.<br> ืืื‫': Lืืืืืืช ืชืืช ืืืืืช<br> ืฉืืืืจ: MS L ืืื<br> ืืืืจ ืืฉืคื: MS L ืืืจ ืฉืคื</ref> |- |Leave a space between the two rows we mentioned, so that you can write the result of division between them and this row is called "the middle row". |style="text-align:right;"|ืืจืืื ืชืฉืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจื ื ืืื ืฉืชืืื ืืืชืื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืืืจ ืืงืจื ืืืจ ืืืฆืขื‫<ref>ืืืืจ: MS L om.</ref> |- |When you start dividing your number, consider all the digits as if they were units and see how many times the last digit of the bottom row is in the last digit of the upper row. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืฉืจ ืชืื ืืืืง ืืฉืืื ื ืืชืืฉืื ืื ืืืกืคืจื' ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืชืจืื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืขืืืื‫<ref>ืื: Guenzburg: ืงื</ref> |- |In such way that the second to the last in the bottom row, i.e. before it, is the same number of times in the second to the last in the upper row before it. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืคืขืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืจ"ื ืืคื ืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืคื ืื‫<ref>ืืืกืคืจ ืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ... ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืคื: MS P1081 om.</ref> |- |Also the third to the last in the bottom row is in the third to the last in the upper row and so on successively. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืฉืืฉื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ <s>ืืฉื</s> ืืฉืคื ืืคื ืื ืืฉืืฉื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืกืืจ ืืื‫<ref>ืืฉืืฉื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืคื ืื: MS L om.</ref> |- |Write the number you receive with the previous method, i.e. the number of times the last digit in the bottom row is in the last digit in the upper row, in the middle row, i.e. between the upper row and the bottom row. Write this number as far from the last digit of the upper row, from which you take the quotient, as the [number of] ranks that the last digit of the bottom row is far from the rank of units. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืชื ืืืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ืืขืื ืื ืขื ืืืืคื ืืงืืื ืจ"ื ืืกืคืจ ืืคืขืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืชืืชืื ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืขื ืจ"ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืชืืชืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืจืืืง ืืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืฉืจ ืชืงื ืืื ื ืืืืง ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืฉืจ ืจืืง ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืื‫<ref>ืืกืคืจ: MS L ืืื<br> ืืคืขืืื: MS L ืคืขืืื<br> ืืฉืจ: MS L om.<br> ืืืืฆืขื: MS L ืืืฆืข<br> ืืชืืชืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื: MS L ืืชืืชืืื ื<br> ืชืงื: MS L ืืงื<br> ืฉืืืืจ: MS L om.<br> ืืืืจืืช: MS L ืฉืืืืจืืช</ref> |- |Know that if you cannot take the last digit of the bottom row even once from the last digit of the upper row, as if we say for instance that the last of the bottom row is 1 and the last of the upper row is 8 or less, like our next example: |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืืข</big> ืื ืฉืื ืื ืชืืื ืืงืืช ืฉืื ืคืขื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืืจื ืืฉื ืฉืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืื ื' ืืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืื ื' ืื ืคืืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ื ืื‫<ref>ืื: MS L om.<br> ืื: MS L om.<br> ืืงืืช: MS L ืืืขืช<br> ืคืขื: MS L om.<br> ืืืกืคืจ: MS L ืืกืคืจ<br> ืืืืจืื: MS P1081 ืืืจืื<br> ืฉืืืืจ: MS P1081 ืฉืืืืจ ืฉืืืืจ<br> ืืื: MS L om.<br> ืืื ื' ... ืืขืืืื: MS P1081 om.<br> ืืื: MS L om.</ref> |- | ::{|class="wikitable" style="color:blue; text-align:center; |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |8||9||4||3||2||1 |- | || || || ||9|| |- | || ||9||4||3||2 |} |- |} | {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; text-align:center;" |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||ื||ื||ื||ื||ื |- | || || || ||ื|| |- | || ||ื||ื||ื||ื |} |- |} |- | ::You shift the whole number backwards, i.e. the digit 8 to the 9 before it and take ten for each unit, i.e. with the 9 before the 8, they are 89. See how many times the 9, which is the last digit of the bottom row, is in 89. But, keep in mind that the digit 4, which is before the 9 in the bottom row, should be as many times in the digit 4, which is before the 9 in the upper row. As if you say that you can take 9 times 9, which is 81, from the number 89 and 8 remains. With the preceding 4, it is 84. So, you can take 9 times 4 from the number 84. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{89-\left(9\times9\right)=89-81=8}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืชืฉืื ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืช ืจ"ื ืืกืคืจ <s>ืขื</s> ืื' ืขื ืื' ืฉืืคื ืื ื' ืืชืงื ืืื ืืื ืขืฉืจื ืจ"ื ืฉืขื ืื' ืืฉืจ ืืคื ื ืื' ืืืื ืค"ื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืื ื' ืฉืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืค"ื ืืชืืฉืื ืืขืฆืื ืฉืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ื' ืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืื' ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืคืขืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืื' ืืฉืจ ืืคื ื ืื' ืฉืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืชืืืจ ืื ื ืชืืื ืืงืืช ื' ืคืขืืื ื' <s>ืืืื</s> ืืืกืคืจ ืค"ื ืฉืื ืค"ื ืื ืฉืืจื ืฉื ื' ืืขื ืื' ืฉืืคื ืื ืืืื ืค"ื ืื ื ืื ืื ืชืืื ืืงืืช ื' ืคืขืืื ื' ืืืกืคืจ ืค"ื‫<ref>ืื ืืืกืคืจ ... ืจ"ื: MS L om.<br> ืื‫': MS L ื‫'<br> ืืืื: MS L ืืืื<br> ืืชืจืื: MS L ืืจืื<br> ืืืื: MS P1081 ืืื<br> Guenzburg: ืืคื ืื<br> ืืขืฆืื: MS L ืื ืื<br> ืืืกืคืจ: MS L ืืกืคืจื<br> ืืค"ื: Guenzburg om.<br> ืฉืืืืจ ืืขืืืื: MS L ืฉืืืืจ ืื‫'<br> ื‫': MS L om.<br> ืืขื: MS L <s>ืืกืจืื ื</s> ืขื<br> ืื ื: MS L om.<br> ืื: MS L om.<br> ื' ืืืกืคืจ ืค"ื: MS L om.</ref> |- | ::Therefore, take 9 and write it first in the middle row, as far from the digit, from which you took the quotient, which is 9, as the number [of ranks] that the last digit of the bottom row, which is 9, is far from the rank [of units], which is four ranks. So, write the 9 you receive from the division in the rank of tens, which is beneath the 2 of the upper row. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืชืงื ื' ืืชืืชืื ื ื' ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืขื ืจืืืง ืืืืืช ืฉืืงืืช ืืืืืง ืืื ื ืฉืืื ื' ืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ืจืืง ืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืฉืืื ื' ืืืืจืืชื ืืื ืืจืืข ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืชืืชืื ืื' ืืฉืจ ืืฆื ืื ืืืืืง ืืืืจืืช ืืขืฉืจืืช ืฉืืื ืชืืช ืื' ืฉืืืืจ ืืขืืืื‫<ref>ื‫': MS L ื' ื‫'<br> ืืืืจืืชื: MS L ืืืืจืืืช<br> ืื‫': MS P1081 ืื‫'<br> ืืืืจืืช: MS L ืืืืจืืืช</ref> |- |Then, draw a line beneath the bottom row and multiply the digit you received in the division, i.e. 9 by the whole bottom row, according to the multiplication method you know. Subtract the product from the upper row, each from its type, starting from the rank nearest to the units, or from the units, if there are units. Write the remainder from subtraction above the upper row. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจ ืื ืชืฉืื ืงื ืชืืช ืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืืคืื ืืืช ืืืืช ืฉืืฆื ืื ืืืืืง ืจ"ื ื' ืขื ืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืืฉืจ ืืืขืช ืืจื ืืืคื ืืืืืฆื ืืืืคื ืืจืข ืืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืื ืชืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืงืจืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฉ ืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืืจ ืืืจืขืื‫<ref>Guenzburg 194r</ref> ืืชืื ืขื ืืืืจ <s>ืืจืืฉืื</s> ืืขืืืื‫<ref>ืื: MS L om.<br> ืืืคืื: MS L ืืืจ ืื ืืคืื<br> ืืืืช: Guenzburg om.<br> ืืืช ืืืืช ืฉืืฆื ืื: MS L ืืฉืจ ืืฆื<br> L: ืืืคื ืจ"ื ื' ืขื ื' ืขื ื' ืขื ื' ืขื ื‫'<br> ืืืืืจ: MS L ืืืืจ<br> ืื ืื ืืืืืื: MS L om.<br> ืืืจ: MS L ืื<br> ืืืืจ: MS L ืืืจ</ref> |- |After that, divide again what remains above the upper row by the bottom row in the manner we explained, then multiply the digit received from the division by the entire bottom row, as at the beginning, and subtract the product from what remains on the upper row and the remainder remains above it. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจ ืื ืฉืื ืืืืง ืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืขื ืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืขื ืืืจื ืฉืืืืจื ื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืืืช ืืืืฆื ืืืืืง ืขื ืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืืฉืจ ืืชืืื ืืืืจ ืืจืข ืืขืืื ืืืืคื ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืื ืฉืืจ ืขืืื‫<ref>ืฉืื: MS L ืืฉืื<br> ืขื ืืืจื ... ืืืืจ ืืฉืคื: MS L om.<br> ืืืืคื: MS L om.<br> ืื ืื ืฉืืจ: MS L ืืื ืฉืืจ</ref> |- |Divide it again, if there is something in it to divide, multiply and subtract as mentioned. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืจ ืชืฉืื ืืืืง ืขืื ืื ืืฉ ืื ืืืืง ืืืืคืื ืืืืจืืข ืืืืจ ืืืืืจ‫<ref>ืืืืจ: MS L ืืืจ ืื<br> ืืืืคืื: MS L ืืืคืื</ref> |- |The sign for this method is D.M.S. [in Hebrew แธฅ.k.m.], i.e. division, multiplication, and subtraction. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืกืืื ืืื ืืืจื ื'ื'ื' ืจ"ื ืืืืง ืืคื ืืืืจืขืช‫<ref>ืืื ืืืจื: MS L om.</ref> |- |Always do this until what remains in the upper row is less than what is in the bottom row. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืชืขืฉื ืชืืื ืขื ืฉืืฉืืจ ืืืืจ<ref>ืืืืจ: MS P1081 ืืืืจ</ref> ืขืืืื ืคืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืืจ<ref>ืฉืืืืจ: MS L ืฉืืื ืืืืจ</ref> ืืฉืคื |- |After you have done this and less remains in the upper row than in the bottom row and you want to check if your calculation was performed without making any mistakes, add up all the multiplication rows you received, each with its type and also what remains in the upper row and perform the addition operation, the procedure of which you are familiar with. If the sum is equal to the number you first had in the upper row, the calculation is correct, and if you find any change between them, there is an error. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืฉืจ ืขืฉืืช ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืคืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืชืจืฆื ืืืืื ืื ื ืขืฉืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืืืช ื ืคืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืืขืืช ืชืืืจ ืื ืืืจื ืืืคื ืืฉืจ ืืฆืื ืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืื ื ืืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืชื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืขืช ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื ืื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืชืืฆื ืฉืื ืืชืืืคืืช ืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืขืืช ืืืืง ืืชืฉืื‫<ref>ืขืฉืืช: MS L ืขืฉืืชื<br> ืืขืืืื: MS P1081 ืขืืืื<br> ืฉืืืืจ: MS L ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืืืืจ<br> ื ืขืฉืืช ืืืืืชื: MS L ืืืืืชื ื ืขืฉืืช<br> ืืืืืช: MS L ืืืื<br> ืื: MS L om.<br> ืชืืืจ: MS P1081 ืชืกืืจ<br> ืืฆืื: Guenzburg ืฉืื<br> ืื: MS L om.<br> ืืื: MS L ืื<br> ืื ืื: MS L om.<br> ืืืขืช ืื ืืื: MS L om.<br> ืืขืืืื: MS P1081 ืขืืืื<br> ืื ื: MS L om.<br> ืืืฉืืื: MS L ืืฉืืื ื<br> ืฉืื ืืชืืืคืืช: MS L om.<br> ืื ื: MS L om.</ref> |- |Table in MS Firenze <math>\scriptstyle{\color{red}{8}}894321\div94932</math> | |- |colspan="2" | {|class="wikitable" style="color:blue; text-align:center; |- |the remainder of division | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |0||6||5||6||4||5 |} |- |the second dividend | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |3||5||0||4||4||1 |} |- |the result of division | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |8||9||4||3||2||1 |- | || || || ||9||3 |- | ||9||4||9||3||2 |} | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |the upper row, which is the first dividend |- |the middle row, which is the quotient |- |the bottom row, which is the divisor |} |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |The product of the first digit of the quotient by the divisor |- |The product of the second digit of the quotient by the divisor |- |The remainder of division to be added to the multiplication rows for the scales |} | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |8||5||4||3||8||8|| |- |0||2||8||4||7||9||6 |- |0||0||6||5||6||4||5 |} |- |After the adding the bottom row, which is the remainder of the division above, the result is the sum of the three rows, and if the division is correct it is the original dividend according to the scales. | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |8||9||4||3||2||1 |} |- |} |- |colspan="2" | {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; text-align:center;" |- |ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืง | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |0||ื||ื||ื||ื||ื |} |- |ืืืืืืง ืืฉื ื | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||ื||0||ื||ื||ื |} |- |ืืืืข ืืื ืืืง ืืคื ืขืจื ืืืืืืง | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||ื||ื||ื||ื||ื |- | || || || ||ื||ื |- | ||ื||ื||ื||ื||ื |} | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืจืง ืืื ืืืืืืง ืจืืฉืื |- |ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืขื ืืืื ืืืืืืง |- |ืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืืืืง |} |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ืืืคื ืืืืช ืจืืฉืื ื ืื ืืืืืง ืขื ืืืืืง |- |ืืืคื ืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืืืง ืขื ืืืืืง |- |ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืง ืืื ืืฆืจืคื ืขื ืื ืืืจื ืืืคื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืื ืืื |} | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||ื||ื||ื||ื||ื|| |- |0||ื||ื||ื||ื||ื||ื |- |0||0||ื||ื||ื||ื||ื |} |- |ืืืจื ืืฆืืจืืฃ ืืืืืจ ืืื ืชืืชืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืง ืืขืื ืืขืื ืืืืืจ ืืื' ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืืง ืืืชื ืืฆืืืง ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉืฆืืืง ืขื ืืืืืืง ืืจืืฉืื ื ืื ืื | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||ื||ื||ื||ื||ื |} |- |} |- |MS Firenze margin: :An explanatory supplement that does not belong to this section: |style="text-align:right;"|ืฉืื ืื ืืืื' ืืืื ืชืืก' ืืืืืจ |- |If you want to further divide the remainder from division in the procedure we did, decompose the remainder into the preceding rank. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืชืจืฆื ืืืืง ืขืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืง ืืื ืืืจื ืฉืขืฉืื ื ืฉืืจ ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืืืจืื ืฉืืคื ืื |- |I.e. if the remainder are minutes, decompose them into seconds, or into thirds if the former were seconds, or to fourths, if they were thirds, and so on as long as the calculation continues. |style="text-align:right;"|ืจ"ื ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืืชืจ ืืืงืื ืฉืืจื ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืฉืืื ืื ืืงืืืื' ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืืขืืื ืื ืงืืื ืืฉืืืฉืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฉื ืืืฉืืื |- |Look at the previous division table and you will find the explanation of what the results are. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืขืืื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืืืง ืืชืืฆื ืืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืื ืืืื |- | == Extracting roots == | |- |After I have explained to you the method of division in the easiest possible way, in addition to mentioning most of the number operations such as division, multiplication and subtraction, as well as addition and checking, I intend to clarify and inform an easy way to find the square roots of the numbers that have a real root, or the closest to the numbers that do not have a real root, whether they are integers alone, integers with fractions, or fractions alone; their rules and approximations, while mentioning the other methods of calculation also. |style="width:45%; text-align:right;"|‫<ref>L: ืืืจ ืืืื ืื ื‫'</ref><big>ืืืจ</big> ืฉืืืืจืชื ืื ืืจื ืืืืืง ืขื ืืืจื ืืืืชืจ ืงื ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืฆืืจืฃ ืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืื ืืืืืจื ืืจืื ืืจืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืื ืืืืง ืืคื ืืืืจืขืช ืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืจืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืืข ืืจื ืงื ืืืฆื ืฉืจืฉื ืืืจืืืขืื ืืืืกืคืจืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืจืฉ ืืืืชื ืื ืืืืชืจ ืงืจืื ืืื ืืืืกืคืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉืืจืฉ ืืืืชื ืฉืืื' ืืืื ืื ืืืืกืคืจืื ืฉืืฉ ืฉืืืื ืขื ื ืฉืืจืื ืื ืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืงืืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืืืจื ืืฉืืจ ืืจืื ืืืฉืืื‫<ref>ืื: L om.<br> ืื ืฉืืฉ ืื: L om.<br> ืื ืืืืืจื: L ืืืืืืจื<br> ืืืืชืจ: P1081 margin<br> ืืื: MS L om.<br> ืืฉืจ ืืื: MS L ืฉืืื<br> ืฉืืืื: MS L ืฉืืจืื<br> ื ืฉืืจืื: MS L ืืฉืืจืื<br> ืื: MS L ืื<br> ืืืื: MS L om.<br> ืื ืืืืืจื: MS L ืืืืืจื</ref> |- |From now on I will start and say: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืขืชื ืืชืืื ืืืืืจ‫<ref>ืืืขืชื: MS L ืืืื</ref> |- |Know that in the rank of units there are three square numbers, i.e. whose roots are known integers and they are: one, whose root is one; four, whose root is two; and nine, whose root is three. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{1}=1\quad\sqrt{4}=2\quad\sqrt{9}=3}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืข</big> ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉ ืื ืฉืืฉื ืืกืคืจืื ืืจืืืขืื ืจ"ื ืฉืฉืจืฉืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืืขืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืฉืจืฉื ืืื ืืืจืืขื ืฉืฉืจืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืชืฉืขื ืฉืฉืจืฉื ืฉืืฉื‫<ref>ืืืขืืช: MS L ืืืขืืืช<br> ืื: MS P1081 ืื<br> ืืืจืืขื: MS L ืืจืืขื</ref> |- |The second rank, which is the rank of tens, does not have a square number at all, only together with units, because ten is not a square number, nor twenty, nor 30, nor 40, nor 50, 60, 70, 80, 90. Yet with the addition of units, it has six squares, i.e. we add to the number of tens some units: like 16, whose root is 4; 25, whose root is 5; 36, whose root is 6; 49, whose root is 7; 64 whose root is 8; 81, whose root is 9. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืขืื ืืฉื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืขืืช ืขืฉืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืกืคืจ ืืจืืืข ืืื ืจืง ืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืขืฉืจื ืืื ื ืืกืคืจ ืืจืืืข ืืื ืขืฉืจืื ืืื ื' ืืื ื' ืืื ื ' ืก' ืข' ืค' ืฆ' ืืื ื ืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉ ืื ืฉืฉื ืืจืืืขืื ืจ"ื ืฉื ืืกืืฃ ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืื ื"ื ืฉืจืฉื ื' ื"ื ืฉืจืฉื ื' ื"ื ืฉืจืฉื ื' ื"ื ืฉืจืฉื ื' ืก"ื ืฉืจืฉื ื' ืค"ื ืฉืจืฉื ื‫'‫<ref>ืืืืขืื: MS P1081 ืืืืขืื<br> ืืฉื ืืช: MS L ืฉืื ืืช<br> ืฉืืื ืืขืืช ืขืฉืจืืช: MS L om.<br> ืื: MS L ืื<br> ืืื: MS L om.<br> ืขื: MS L om.<br> ืืื: MS L ืื<br> MS L: ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืกืคืจ ืืจืืืข<br> ืืื ื: MS L ืจืง<br> ืืืืื: MS L ืืืืืื<br> ืื: MS L ืื<br> ืจ"ื: Guenzburg ืื"ื<br> ืฉื ืืกืืฃ ืขื ืืกืคืจ: MS L ืฉื ืฉืื ืืืืจ<br> ืืืืื ืื: MS L ืื ืืืจื ืขื ืืืืื<br> ืฉืจืฉื: MS L ืฉืฉืืจืฉื five times</ref> |- |colspan="2" | :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{16}=4\quad\sqrt{25}=5\quad\sqrt{36}=6\quad\sqrt{49}=7\quad\sqrt{64}=8\quad\sqrt{81}=9}}</math> |- |Every rank of a number, whose numerical position is odd, such as third, fifth, seventh, ninth, and the like endlessly, is analogous to the rank of units. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืขืืช ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืชื ื ืคืจื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืฉืืืขืืช ืชืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืื ืืืขืื ืืืืืื‫<ref>ืืขืืช: P1081: ืืขืืืช; L: ืืขืื ืืืขืืืช<br> ืืืืืืื: MS L ืืื<br> ืืืขืื: MS L ืืืขืื‫'</ref> |- |As, if you say, for example, the rank of hundreds, which is the third rank, also has three squares: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืชืืืจ ืืจื ืืฉื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืืช ืฉืืืฉืืช ืืฉ ืื ืื ืื ืฉืืฉื ืืจืืืขืื‫<ref>ืืืขืืช: MS L ืืืขืืืช<br> ืืืืืืช: MS L <s>ืืืืื'</s> ืืืืืืช<br> ืืืจืืช: MS L om.<br> ืื ืื: MS L om.</ref> |- | :A hundred, which is analogous to one, whose root is ten, which is analogous to one. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{100}=10}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืฉืจืฉื ืขืฉืจื ืฉืืืื ืืืื‫<ref>ืฉืืืื: Guenzburg ืฉืฉืจืฉื</ref> |- | :Four hundreds, which is analogous to four units, whose root is twenty, which is analogous to two. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{400}=20\quad\sqrt{4}=2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจืืข ืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืจืืข ืืืืื ืฉืจืฉื ืขืฉืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉื ืื‫<ref>ืืืจืืข: MS L ื‫'<br> ืืืืื: MS L om.</ref> |- | :9 hundreds, which is analogous to 9 units, whose root is thirty, which is analogous to three. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{900}=30\quad\sqrt{9}=2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื' ืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืื' ืืืืื ืฉืจืฉื ืฉืืฉืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืืฉ‫<ref>ืื‫': MS L ื‫'<br> ืืืืื: MS L om.<br> ืืฉืืฉ: Guenzburg ืืฉืืฉ ืื; MS L: ืืื ืื ืืขืื ืฉืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืชื ื ืคืจื ืืื ืืืืฉื' ืืฉืืืขื' ืืชืฉืืขื' ืืื ืืืื ืงืฅ</ref> |- |Likewise every rank whose numerical position is even, like fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth, and so on endlessly, which is called an even rank, is analogous to the rank of tens, which has six squares by adding units to it as we have explained. So, the rank of thousands has six squares by adding hundreds, i.e. we shift each thousand backward as ten hundreds and add them to what is in the hundreds: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืืขืื ืฉืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืืขืืช ืฉืฉืืช ืฉืืื ืืช ืขืฉืืจืืช ืืื ืืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืชืงืจื ืืขืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืขืื ืืขืฉืจืืช ืฉืืฉ ืื ืฉืฉื ืืจืืืขืื ืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืจื ื ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืคืื ืืฉ ืื ืฉืฉื ืืจืืืขืื ืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืจ"ื ืฉื ืฉืื ืื ืืืฃ ืืืืฃ ืืืืจื ืืช ืืขืฉืจื ืืืืืช ืืชืืืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื ืืฆื ืืืืืืช‫<ref>ืืื ืื: MS L ืืื<br> ืฉืืกืคืจ: MS L om.<br> ืืืื: MS P1081 ืืืื<br> ืืขืื: MS L ืืขืืช<br> ืืืืืืช: MS L ืืืืืช<br> ืื ืืจืืืขืื ... ืืฉ ืื: MS L om.<br> ืืืืืืช: MS L <s>ืขืฉืจืืช</s> ืืืืืช<br> ืฉื ืฉืื: MS L ืฉื ืฉืื<br> ืืืืฃ: MS L ืืืฃ<br> ืืชืืืจ: MS L ืื ืกืืจ<br> ืขื: MS L ืื</ref> |- | :Like one thousand and six hundred, which is analogous to sixteen, whose root is forty, which is analogous to four. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{1600}=40\quad\sqrt{16}=4}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืฃ ืืฉืฉ ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืฉืฉ <ref>Guenzburg 194v</ref>ืขืฉืจื ืฉืจืฉื ืืจืืขืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืขื‫<ref>ืขืฉืจื: MS L ืขืฉืจ<br> ืืืจืืขื: MS L ืืืจืืข</ref> |- | :Two thousands and 500, which is analogous to 25, whose root is fifty, which is analogous to five. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2500}=50\quad\sqrt{25}=5}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืคืื ืืช"ืง ืืืืื ืื"ื ืฉืจืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉื |- | :Three thousand and six hundred, which is analogous to 36, whose root is sixty, which is analogous to six. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{3600}=60\quad\sqrt{36}=6}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืืฉืช ืืืคืื ืืฉืฉ ืืืืช ืืืืื ืื ื"ื ืฉืจืฉื ืฉืฉืื ืืืืื ืืฉืฉื‫<ref>ืื"ื: MS P1081 ื"ื<br> ืฉืฉืื ืืืืื: MS L om.<br> ืืฉืฉื: MS L ื‫'</ref> |- | :Four thousand and nine hundred, which is analogous to 49, whose root is seventy, which is analogous to seven. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{4900}=70\quad\sqrt{49}=7}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจืืขื ืืืคืื ืืชืฉืข ืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืื"ื ืฉืจืฉื ืฉืืขืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืืขื |- | :Six thousand and four hundred, which is analogous to 64, whose root is eighty, which is analogous to eight. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{6400}=80\quad\sqrt{64}=8}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืฉืช ืืืคืื ืืจืืข ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืก"ื ืฉืจืฉื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ื |- | :Eight thousand and one hundred, which is analogous to 81, whose root is ninety, which is analogous to nine. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{8100}=90\quad\sqrt{81}=9}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืื ื ืืืคืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืค"ื ืฉืจืฉื ืชืฉืขืื ืืืืื ืืชืฉืขื‫<ref>ืื' ืืืคืื ืืืื: MS P1081 ืืืื ืืืคืื ืืฉืื ื</ref> |- |And so on every rank whose numerical position is even, like fourth, sixth, eighth, to infinity. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืืขืื ืฉืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืืขืืช ืฉืฉืืช ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืื ืชืืืืช‫<ref>ืืื: Guenzburg ืืื<br> ืฉืืื ืืช: Guenzburg ืฉืื ืื</ref> |- |You should know that the result of any number falls in the middle rank of the ranks of that number. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืขืช ืื ืืืืฆื ืืืื ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื ืืคืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืฉืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืืืช‫<ref>ืืืขืืช: Guenzburg ืืืขืืช ืืืขืืช; MS P1081 ืืืขืื<br> ืืืืฆืขืืช: MS P1081 ืืืืืฆืขืช</ref> |- | *As, if you say, for example: we have the number 4 in the seventh rank, which is an odd rank, like in this diagram: :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{4000000}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืชืืืจ ืืจื ืืฉื ืืฉ ืื ื ืืกืคืจ ื' ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืขืืช ืฉืืื ืืขืื ื ืคืจืืช ืืื ืืขื ืื ืืืืช ืืฆืืจื‫<ref>ืืกืคืจ: MS L om.<br> ืืขื ืื: MS L om.</ref> |- | ::{|class="wikitable" style="color:blue; text-align:center;" |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |4||0||0||0||0||0||0 |- | || || ||2|| || || |} |} | {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; text-align:center;" |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||0||0||0||0||0||0 |- | || || ||ื|| || || |} |- |} |- | :Its root is 2. As we explained, 2 should be written in the fourth rank, which is the middle rank that has 3 rank before it and the same after it. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืจืฉื ื' ืืื ืฉืืืืจื ื ืฉืจืืื ืืืชืื ื' ืืืขืื ืืจืืืขืืช ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืคื ืื ื' ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืจืื‫<ref>ืืฉืจืฉื: MS L ืฉืจืฉื<br> ื‫': Guenzburg om.<br> ืืจืืืขืืช: MS L ืจืืืขืืช ืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืฆืืจื; Guenzburg om.<br> ืืืขืื: MS L ืืืขืื</ref> |- |Understand it for the other odd ranks. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืชืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืขืืืช ืื ืคืจืืืช |- |The same for the even rank: as we explained, there is no square in it, unless we return the last digit in the even rank backward, so each unit becomes a ten and we add everything to what is in the preceding rank. Then, the root should be extracted. The number of the ranks becomes odd, and every odd rank has a middle rank. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืจื ื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืข ืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืช ืืืขืฉืืช ืืื ืืื ืขืฉืจื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืืืขืื ืฉืืคื ืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืงืืช ืืฉืจืฉ ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืกืคืจื ืืืขืืืช ื ืคืจื ืืื ื ืคืจื ืืฉ ืื ืืขืื ืืืฆืขืืช‫<ref>ืืื ืฉืืืจื ื: MS P1081 om.<br> ืืื: MS P1081 om.<br> ืฉืืืขืื: Guenzburg <s>ืฉื</s> ืฉืืืขืื<br> ืืื: MS P1081 ืืื<br> ืืฉืืื: MS P1081 ืืฉ ืื</ref> |- |The resulting root should be written in the middle rank, i.e. as far from the last rank, from which it is extracted, as its distant from the units, because the units stand by themselves, in their rank and the root of the units is in the rank of the units. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืจืืื ืืืชืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืืฆื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืจ"ื ืจืืืง ืืืืจืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืงื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืจืืงื ืื ืืืืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืืืื ืขืืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืืงืืื ืืืื ืฉืจืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืื‫<ref>ืืืืจืื ื: MS L <s>ืืจืืฉืื ื</s> ืืืืจืื ื<br> ืืฉืจ ืืืงื: MS L ืฉืืืงื<br> ืืืืจ: MS P1081 ืืืืืจ</ref> |- |The meaning is that the root is as far from the rank from which it is extracted as it is far from the units, i.e. the distance from the units is the same. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืขื ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืฉืจืฉ <s>ื ืงื</s> ืจืืืง ืืืืจืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืงื ืืื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืจืืง ืื ืืืืืื ืจ"ื ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืจืืงื ืืืจ ืื ืืืืืื‫<ref>ืืฉืจ ืืืงื: MS L ืฉืืืงื<br> ืจ"ื ืฉืื ืืื: MS L ื ‫'<br> ืื ืืืืืื: MS L ืืืืืืื</ref> |- |After I have introduced this to you, I remind you the arrangement of the squares that are in the rank of units, which is the first: 1, 4, 9, whose roots are: 1, 2, 3 and in the rank of tens there are six squares: 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81 and their roots are: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. This is already known to you. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืจ ืฉืืงืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืืืจื ืืกืืจืช ืืืจืืืขืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉืื ื' ื' ื' ืืฉืจืฉื ื' ื' ื' ืืืืืจืืืช ืืขืฉืจืืช ืืฉ ืฉืฉื ืืจืืืขืื ืืื ื"ื ื"ื ื"ื ื"ื ืก"ื ืค"ื ืืฉืจืฉื ื' ื' ื' ื' ื' ื' ืืืืื ืื ืืืืข ืืฆืื‫<ref>ืื: MS L om.<br> ืืืืืจื: MS L ืืืืืจื<br> ืืืืืืจื: MS L ืืืืืืจื<br> ืืืืจืืช: MS P1081 ืืืืจืืืช<br> ื‫': MS L ื‫'<br> ื‫': MS P1081 ื‫'<br> ืค"ื: MS P1081 ืค"ื ืค"ื</ref> |- |I have already informed you that the odd rank follows the rule of the units and the even [rank] follows the rule of the tens. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืจ ืืืืขืชืื ืื ืืืขืื ืื ืคืจืืช ืื ื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืืขืฉืจืืช‫<ref>ืื ืืืขืื ืื ืคืจืืช ืื ื: MS L om.</ref> |- |Now I will teach you the procedure you apply in order to find the root of any number you want, whether it has a real root or the closest to it, if it does not have a real root: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืขืชื ืืืจื ืืืชื ืืจื ืื ืชืื ืืืืืขืช ืฉืจืฉ ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืฉืชืจืฆื ืื ืืฉ ืืื ืฉืจืฉ [ืืืชื] ืื ืืืืชืจ ืงืจืื ืืคื ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืจืฉ ืืืืชื‫<ref>ืืืืืขืช: MS P1081 ืืืืืขืช<br> ืฉืจืฉ: MS P1081 ืืฉืืจืฉ<br> ืืื: MS L ืื</ref> |- |Write the number, whose root you want to know, in one row by its ranks as many as they may be. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ืชืืชืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ืชืจืฆื ืืืขืช ืฉืจืฉื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉืชืืืื ื‫<ref>ืืฉืจ ืชืจืฆื: MS L ืฉืชืจืฆื</ref> |- | *Suppose first that it has five ranks, for example: 12345. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืชืืืจ ืชืืื ืฉืชืืืื ื ื' ืืืจืืืช ืืจื ืืฉื ื'ื'ื'ื'ื'‫<ref>ื' ... ื‫': MS L om.</ref> |- | ::{|class="wikitable" style="color:blue; text-align:center;" |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- | ||0||0||3||2 |- |0||1||4|| || |- |1|| || || || |- |5||4||3||2||1 |- | || ||2||3||3 |- | || ||4||6|| |} |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |4||0||0|| || |- |1||2||9||0|| |- | ||1||3||8||9 |} |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |5||4||3||2||1 |} |- |} | {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; text-align:center;" |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- | ||0||0||ื||ื |- |0||ื||ื|| || |- |ื|| || || || |- |ื||ื||ื||ื||ื |- | || ||ื||ื||ื |- | || ||ื||ื|| |} |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||0||0|| || |- |ื||ื||ื||0|| |- | ||ื||ื||ื||ื |} |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||ื||ื||ื||ื |} |- |} |- | ::The last rank is odd, so it follows the rule of the units. Therefore, we consider the last digit 5 as if it is 5 units. The closest preceding root is 2, which is the root of 4. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{4}=2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ืืืขืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ื ืคืจืืช ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ื' ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ื' ืืืืื ืื ื ืฉืจืฉื ืืืืชืจ ืงืจืื ืื ืืคื ืื ืืื ื' ืฉืืื ืฉืจืฉ ื‫'‫<ref>ื‫': MS L om.<br> ืืื: MS L om.<br> ื‫': MS P1081 om.<br> ืื: MS L om.<br> ืฉืืจืฉ: MS L om.</ref> |- | ::Therefore, we write 2 in the middle, beneath the digit 3, and we draw a line beneath the 2 with some space, so that we can multiply the resulting digit of the root. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืืชืื ื' ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืื ืชืืช ืืืช ืื' ืื ืจืฉืื ืงื ืชืืช ืื' ืขื ืืขื ืจืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืคืื ืืืช ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืืฆืืช‫<ref>ืื‫': MS L ื‫'<br> ืื ืจืฉืื: MS L ืืืจืฉืื<br> ืจืืื: MS L om.<br> ืืืช ืืฉืจืฉ: MS L ืืืืชืืืช</ref> |- | ::We multiply the digit 2, which is the root, by itself. The product should be written following it, as far from it as it is far from the units. Zeros should be written as the number of the ranks before it, starting straightly corresponding to the 2 in its rank, as we say now corresponding to the 2, we start writing 2 zeros, as the digit 2 is far from the units by two ranks. After the 2 zeros, we multiply the 2 by itself. Understand and remember it for every product. Then, subtract the product from the first corresponding digit, as known in the subtraction procedure, and the remainder remains above the upper row. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{5-2^2=5-4=1}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืคืื ืืืช ืื' ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืขืฆืื ืืื ื ืจืื[ื] ืืืชืื ืืืคืืื ืจืืืง ืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืืงื ืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืืชืืืชื ืื ืื ืื' ืืืืฉืจ ืืืืืจืืชื ืืืฉืจ ื ืืืจ ืขืชื ืื ืื ืื' ื ืชืืื ‫<ref>195r</ref>ืืืชืื ื' ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืช ืื' ืจืืืงื ืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืืืืืื ื ืืคืื ืื' ืืขืฆืื ืืืืื ื' ืืืื ืชืืื ืืื ืืชืืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืจืข ืืขืืื ืืืืคื ืืืืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืฉืจ ื ืืืข ืืืืจืขืช ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื‫<ref>ืืื ื: MS L om.<br> ืืืืชืื ... ืื ืืืืืื: MS L om.<br> ืฉื ื: MS P1081 ืฉืื<br> ืืืจืืืช: MS L ืืืืจืืืช<br> ืืชืืืช: MS L ืืชืืื<br> ืืืืกืคืจ: MS L ืืืกืคืจ<br> ืืืื ื: MS P10181 ืืืื ื<br> ืืฉืืจ: MS L ืืืื</ref> |- | ::Then, multiply the root by two, i.e.: if it is 3, write 6 beneath it; if it is 4, [write] 8. In this example, it is 2, so write 4 and this is the root multiplied by two. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\times2=4}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจ ืชืืคืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืฉื ืื ืจ"ื ืฉืื ืืื ื' ืชืืชืื ืชืืชืื ื' ืืื ื' ื' ืืืืืืื ื ืื ืฉืืื ื' ืชืืชืื ื' ืืืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืคืื ืืฉื ืื‫<ref>ื‫': MS P10181 om.<br> ืชืืชืื: MS L ืชืืคืื<br> ืชืืชืื: MS L ืชืืชืื<br> ืืื: MS L <s>ืืืื</s> ืืื<br> ืฉืืื: MS L ืฉืื ืืื<br> ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืคืื: MS L ืฉืืจืฉ ืืืคื<br> ืืฉื ืื: MS L om.</ref> |- | ::Divide the remainder of the first digit by this 4: take as much as you can, so that you can take the square of the quotient. As you say in this example: we return the 1 back, because we cannot take 4 from it even once. We return it back to the 4 that precedes it; it is 14. We say: how many times can we take 4 from 14? We take 3, because we can take 3 times 3, which is the square of the quotient, from what is left before. We write 3 before the first root. |style="text-align:right;"|ืชืืืง ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืขื ืืืช ืื' ืืชืงื ืื ืื ืฉืชืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืชืืื ืืงืืช ืืจืืืข ืืืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ืืฆื ืืืืืืงื ืืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืืืื ื ืื ืื ื ื ืฉืื ืื' ืืืืจื ืืช ืื ืื ื ืืื ืืงืืช ื' ืืื ื ืืคื' ืคืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืจื ืืช ืขื ืื' ืืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืืืื ื"ื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืคืขืืื ื ืืื ืืงืืช ื' ืื ื"ื ืื ื ื ืงื ื' ืื ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืคื ืื ื ืืื ืืงืืช ื' ืคืขืืื ื' ืฉืืื ืืจืืืข ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืฆื ืืืืืงื ืื ืืชืื ื' ืืคื ื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืจืืฉืื‫<ref>ืืืืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉืื: MS L om.<br> ืืืช: MS L ืืืช<br> ืชืืืจ: MS P1081 ืืืืจ<br> ืื ืฉืืืื: MS L ืืืฉืืื ื <s>ืขื ืื‫'</s><br> ื ืืื: MS L ืชืืื<br> ืืงืืช: Guenzburg om.<br> ืืืกืคืจ: MS L om.</ref> |- | ::We multiply the 3 first by itself and then by the doubled root. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืคืื ืืืช ืื ืขื ืขืฆืื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืคืื‫<ref>ืืืช ืื‫': MS L ื‫'<br> ืืืืจ ืขื: MS L ืืขื</ref> |- | ::We start with the 1 next to it: write as many zeros as the distance of the digit 3 from the units; it is one zero corresponding to the 3. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืชืืื ืืืชืื ืืืช ืืืืช ืื ืืคืืช ื' ืืฆืื ืืชืขืฉื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืช ืื' ืจืืืงื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืจืืฉืื ื ืื ืื ืื‫'<ref>ืื ืชืืื: MS L ืืชืชืืื<br> ืื ืืคืืช: MS P1081 ืืืืคืืช</ref> |- | ::We say: 3 times 3 is 9. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{3\times3=9}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืจ ื ืืืจ ื' ืคืขืืื ื' ืื ื‫' |- | ::We say: 3 times 4 is 12. Write 12. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{3\times4=12}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืจ ื ืืืจ ื' ืคืขืืื ื' ืื ื'ื' ืืชืืชืื ื'ื‫' |- | ::We subtract the multiplied row from the the remainder above, each from the one that corresponds to it, according to the rule of subtraction, and what is left remains above in the upper row. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{143-129=14}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืจ ื ืืจืข ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืคื ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืขืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืฉืคื ืืืืจืขืช ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื‫<ref>ืื ืื ืฉืืจ: MS L ืืื ืฉืืจ<br> ืืืื ื: MS L ืื ืืื ื<br> ืืขืืืื: MS P1081 ืขืืืื</ref> |- | ::Then, multiply the second digit of the root, which is 3, by two. We write 6 beneath it. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\times3=6}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจ ืืืช ืชืืคืื ืืืช ืืืืช ืืฉื ืืช ืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืฉืืื ื' ืืฉื ืื ืื ืืชืื ื' ืชืืชืื‫<ref>ืืืช: MS L om.<br> ืืืช: MS P1081 ืื<br> ืืฉื ืืช: MS P1081 ืืฉื ื<br> ืื ืืฉืืจืฉ: MS L ืืืฉืืจืฉ<br> ืฉืืื: MS L ืฉืืื</ref> |- | ::We divide again all that remains above by the whole doubled root, which is 46. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\times23=46}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|<s>ืื ืฉื</s> ืื ืฉืื ืืืืงื ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืขืื ืขื ืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืื ืืคื ืฉืืื ื'ื‫' |- | ::We take as much as we can, so that we can take the square of the quotient from the last [digit]. As you say in this example: we return the 1 back, because we cannot take 4 from it; it is 14. We take 13, because we can take 3 times from the remainder and we can take 3 times 3 from the remainder after it. We write 3 before the 6, which is in the rank of the units. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืงื ืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืคื ืฉื ืืื ืืงืืช ืืืืจืื ื ืืจืืืข ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืฆื ืื ืืืืืงื ืืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืืืื ื ืื ืื ื ื ืฉืื ืื' ืืืืจื ืืช ืื ืื ื ืืื ืืงืืช ื' ืืื ื ืืืืื ื"ื ืื ืงื ื"ื ืื ืืื ืฉืืจ ื ืืื ืืงืืช ื' ืคืขืืื ืืืื ืฉืืจ ืืืจ ืื ื ืืื ืืงืืช ื' ืคืขืืื ื' ืื ืืชืื ื' ืืคื ื ืื' ืืืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืื‫<ref>ืืืืคื ืฉื ืืื: MS P1081 om.<br> ืืืกืคืจ: MS L om.<br> ืื ืืืืืงื: MS L ืืืืืืงื<br> ืืืื: MS P1081 ืืืื</ref> |- | ::First, we multiply this 3 by itself; it is 9. We write it corresponding to it, because the digit 3 is in the rank of the units. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{3\times3=9}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืคืื ืืืช ืื' ืจืืฉืื ื ืืขืฆืื ืืืื ื' ืื ืืชืื ื ืื ืืื ืืคื ืฉืืืช ืื' ืืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืื‫<ref>ืื ืืคืื ืืืช ืื' ... ืืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืื: MS P1081 om.</ref> |- | ::Next, we multiply 3 by 6 and 3 by 4. We subtract the products from what is left above and the remainder remains above. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจ ื ืืคืื ื' ืขื ื' ืืืืจ ื' ืขื ื' ืืืืจ ื ืืจืข ืืขืืื ืืืืคื ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืขืื ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืืืขืื‫<ref>ืืืขืื: MS L om.</ref> |- | ::The remainder above is 32 and the root is 233. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{1421-1389=32}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืฉืืจ ืืืขืื ื"ื ืืืฉืจืฉ ื'ื'ื‫' |- | :The explanation is complete. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืฉืื ืืืืจื |- |I will give you various rules, the knowledge of which is necessary for the root extraction procedure. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืคืื ืืฉ ืฆืืจื ืืืืืขืชื ืืืขืฉื ืืฉืจืฉืื‫<ref>ืืื ื: MS L om.</ref> |- | *The first rule: when you extract the first root from the last digit you have, if it is in an odd rank, or in the preceding to the last, if it is in an even rank, you should write that root in the middle rank, as I have shown you and take as much as you can. If you cannot take anything from what remains in that last rank, and you take from the [rank] that is second to it, write it as far from the place, from which you take the quotient, as the first root is far from the units. So, you should write a zero in the place that precedes the first root, and before this zero you should write the result of the division. |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื</big> ืืืฉืจ ืืงืืช ืืฉืจืฉ ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ื ืคืจืืช ืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืืช ืจืืื ืืืชืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืจืืืชืื ืืชืงื ืื ืื ืฉืชืืื ืืื ืื ืชืืื ืืงืืช ืืืจ ืืืืงืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืงืืช ืืืฉื ื ืื ืื ืื ืชืืชืืื ืจืืืง ืืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืชืงื ืืื ื ืืืืืง ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืจืฉ ืืจืืฉืื ืจืืืง ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืคื ื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืจืืฉืื ืืงืืื ‫<ref>195v</ref>ืืื ืืืืื ืชืืชืื ืืืืฆื ืื ืืืืืงื‫<ref>ืืืืจืื: MS L ืืจืืฉืื<br> ืื ืื: MS L ื"ื<br> ืืฉืจ ืชืงื: MS L ืฉืชืงื<br> ืืฉืจืฉ: MS L ืจืืฉ ืืฉืืจืฉ<br> ืืฉืจ ืืคื ื: MS L ืฉืืคื ื</ref> |- | *The second rule: when you divide again what remains of the number you have by double the root, do not take the last number from which you took it first, even if you see that it is possible to take from it, because when you take the root from it first, you already take from it everything that should [be taken from it], as you see in our example |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืืื ืืฉื ื</big> ืืืฉืจ ืชืฉืื ืืืืง ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืคืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืื ืชืงื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืงืืช ืืื ื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืฃ ืื ืืืืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืืืฃ ืื ืชืจืื ืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืงืืช ืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืืงื ืืื ื ืืฉืจืฉ ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืืืงื ืืื ื ืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืฉื ืจืื ืืืืืื ื ืื‫<ref>ืชืฉืื: MS P1081 ืชืฉืื<br> ืืคืื: MS L ืืคืื<br> ืืฉืจ ืืงืืช: MS L ืฉืืงืืช<br> ืืื ื: MS P1081 om.<br> ืืืืกืคืจ: MS L ืืืกืคืจ<br> ืืฉืจ ืืืจืื: MS L ืฉืืืจืื<br> ืชืจืื ืื: MS L om.<br> ืืฉืืจืฉ: MS L ืืฉืืจืฉ <s>ืืงืจืื ืืืื</s> ื<br> ืื: MS L om.<br> ืืื ืฉื ืจืื: MS L om.</ref> |- | ::{|class="wikitable" style="color:blue; text-align:center;" |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |6|| || |- |3||9||9 |- | ||1|| |- | ||2|| |} |} | {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; text-align:center;" |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื|| || |- |ื||ื||ื |- | ||ื|| |- | ||ื|| |} |- |} |- | *We wish to know the approximate root of 399. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{399}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืจืฆืื ื ืืืขืช ืืฉืจืฉ ืืงืจืื ืื ื'ื'ื‫'‫<ref>ืจืฆืื ื ... ื'ื'ื‫': MS L om.</ref> |- | ::We take the closest root, which is 1, and we write it in the middle rank, which is beneath the second 9. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืืงืื ื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืงืจืื ืืืื ื' <s>ืืืชื</s> ืืืชืื ืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืฉืืื ืชืืช ืื' ืืฉื ืื |- | ::We subtract 1 from the last digit, which is 3; 2 remains above the 3. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{3-1=2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจืขื ื ื' ืืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืื ื' ืื ืฉืืจ ื' ืขื ืื‫'‫<ref>ืจืฆืื ื ... ืืงืื ื: Guenzburg twice<br> ืืืืกืคืจ: MS L ืืืกืคืจ</ref> |- | ::We double the digit 1; it is 2. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\sdot1=2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืคืื ืืืช ืื' ืืืื ืื‫'‫<ref>ืืืื: MS L ืืืื</ref> |- | ::We do not say and look how many times the 2, which is double the root, is in the number that remained from the first number, which is 2, as we can take 2 from 2 once and then we can also take the square of 1 from the remainder. But this is not appropriate to do, because it would be appropriate to write the resulting 1 far from the number, from which we took the quotient, when the digit 1 written first is written according to this rule. Since we have already taken all that is needed from that rank, so we return the 2 back on the 9 that precedes it and it is 29. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืื ื' ืฉืืื ืืคื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ื' ืืืฉืจ ื ืืื ืืงืืช ืคืขื ืืืช ื' ืื' ืืื ื ืืื ืืงืืช ืืจืืืข ื' ืืื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืคื ื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืชืื ืื ืื' ืืืืฆื ืจืืืง ืืืืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ืืงืื ื ืืื ื ืืืืืง ืืืฉืจ ืืืช ืื' ืื ืืชื ืจืืฉืื ื ื ืืชื ืืืฉืคื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืงืื ื ืื ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ืื' ืืืืจื ืืช ืขื ืื' ืืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืืืื ื"ื‫<ref>ืื ืฉืืจ: MS L ื' ืื ืฉืืจ<br> ืืื ืฉืืจ: MS P1081 ืืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืจ<br> ืืคื ื ืื: MS L ืืืคื ื ืื<br> ืืืื: MS L om.<br> ืืฉืจ ืืงืื ื: MS L ืฉืืงืื ื<br> ืื‫': MS L ืื‫'<br> ืจืืฉืื ื: MS L ืจืืฉืื<br> ื ืืชื: MS P1081 ื' ื ืืชื<br> ืืืฉืคื: MS L ืืืกืคืจ<br> ืืฉืจ ืืคื ืื: MS L ืฉืืคื ืื<br> ื"ื: MS L om.</ref> |- | ::We say: how many times 2, which is double the root, is in the number 29, so we can take the square of the quotient from the preceding rank. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืื ื' ืฉืืื ืืคื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืกืคืจ ื"ื ืืืืคื ืฉื ืืื ืืงืืช ืืืืืจืื ืฉืืคื ืื ืืจืืืข ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืฆื ืืืืืืงื |- | ::This is enough for this rule and it follows the third rule. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืขื ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื |- | *The third rule: when you divide again the remaining number by double the root, do not bother yourself to see if you can take ten times the divisor from the dividend, as stated in the example above: we see how many times 2 is in the number 29 and we say that it is ten, because this is impossible, even if it is more than ten, because you will not be able to take ten times ten from the preceding rank. It is not appropriate to bother with it, and this is also the rule of this matter. |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื</big> ืืืฉืจ ืฉืืช ืืืืง ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืคืื ืื ืชืืจืื ืืขืฆืื ืืจืืืช ืื ืชืืื ืืงืืช ืขืฉืจื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืืืง ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืืืื ื ืฉืืืขืื ืืื ื ืจืื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืื ื' ืืืกืคืจ ื"ื ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืื ืขืฉืจื ืื ืื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฃ ืื ืืืชืจ ืืขืฉืจื ืื ืื ืชืืื ืืงืืช ืืืืืจืื ืฉืืคื ืื ื ืขืฉืจื ืคืขืืื ืขืฉืจื ืืืื ืจืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืขื ืื ืืืืืง‫<ref>ืืืกืคืจ: MS L ืืกืคืจ<br> ืืืืืืง: MS P1081 ืืืืืง<br> ืืืื: MS P1081 ื ืงืื<br> ืื: MS L om.<br> ืืืฃ ืื ืืืชืจ ืืขืฉืจื: MS L om.<br> ืื: MS L om.</ref> |- | *The fourth rule: as we said in the second rule that when we divide the remainder again by double the root, we do not take again from the rank we took first, this is when we double the root and we do not add a rank to it, as if we double 2, it is 4 in the same rank, the same for 3 and 4. But, if the root is 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9, when we double the root, one rank is added to the root. As if you say: the root is 6 tens, so double the root is 2 tens and one hundred, then one rank is added to the root. According to this, when you divide again, you take from the rank, from which you took first, and you write it also far from the last digit as the beginning of the doubled root is far from the units. This is what we wanted to clarify. |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืืื ืืจืืืขื</big> ืืืฉืจ ืืืจื ื ืืืื ืืฉื ื ืื ืืืฉืจ ื ืฉืื ืืืืง ืื ืฉืืจ ืขื [ืืคื] ืืฉืจืฉ ืฉืื ื ืฉืื ืืงืืช ืืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืงืื ื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืฉืืคื[ื ื] ืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืื ืืืกืคื ื ืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืคืื ื ื' ืืื ื' ืืืืชื ืืืจืื ืืื ื' ืืื ื' ืืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืจืฉ ื' ืื ื' ืื ื' ืื ื' ืื ื' ืืื ื ืืฉืืคืื ื ืื ืืฉืืจืฉ ืืืจ ื ืชืืกืคื ืืฉืืจืฉ ืืืจืื ืืืช ืืืื ืชืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืืจืฉ ื' ืขืฉืจืืช ืื ื ืืคื ืืฉืืจืฉ ื' ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืื ืื ื ืืชืืกืคืช ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืจืืช ืืืช ืืืคื ืื ืืืฉืจ ืชืฉืื ืืืืง ืชืงื ืืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืงืืช ืืื ื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืชืืชืื ื ืื ืื ืจืืืงื ืืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืฉืจ ืจืืฉ ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืคืื ืจืืืง ืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืจืฆืื ื ืืืืจ‫<ref>ื ืฉืื: MS P1081 ื ืฉืืจ<br> ืืฉืืคืื ื: MS P1081 ืืฉืคืื ื<br> ืืืกืคื ื: MS L ื ืืกืฃ<br> ืืื ื: MS L ืื ื<br> ืื ืืืกืคื ื ืขืืื... ืืฉืืคืื ื ืื ืืฉืืจืฉ: Guenzburg om.<br> ืืืจ: MS L om.<br> ื ืชืืกืคื... ืืืื ืื ื: Guenzburg om.<br> ืืชืืกืคืช: MS P1081 ื ืืกืคื<br> ืืืืง: MS L om.<br> ืื ืื: MS L ื"ื<br> ืืืคืื: MS L ืืคืื<br> ืื ืืืืืื: MS L ืืืืืืื</ref> |- | === Another Version - MS Paris 903 === | |- |The way to extract a square root of a number that has a real root, or an approximate square root of those that do not have a real root, for integers alone, or for fractions alone, or for integers and fractions together. |style="text-align:right;"|‫<ref>P903 138v</ref>ืืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืฉืจืฉื ืืืจืืืขื' ืืืกืคืจ ืืขื ืฉืจืฉ ืืืชื ืื ืฉืจืฉ ืืืจืื' ืืงืจืื ืืืฉืจ ืื' ืืื ืฉืจืฉ ืืืชื ืื ืืฉืืื' ืืื ืื ื ืฉืืจื' ืืื ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืื' ืื ืฉืืจื' ืืื |- |Know that in the rank of units there are three square numbers, i.e. their roots are integers and are known, and they are 1, 4, 9, whose roots are 1, 2, 3. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{1}=1\quad\sqrt{4}=2\quad\sqrt{9}=3}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืข ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืื' ืืฉ ืื ื' ืืกืคืจื' ืืจืืืขื' ืจ"ื ืฉืฉืจืฉื ืฉืืื' ืืืืืขื' ืืื ื' ืื' ืื' ืฉืฉืจืฉื ื' ื' ื‫' |- |The second rank, which is [the rank of] tens, does not have a square number at all, only together with units, because 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 none of them is a square number. Yet with the addition of units, it has six squares: like 16, whose root is 4; 25, whose root is 5; 36, whose root is 6; 49, whose root is 7; 64 whose root is 8; 81, whose root is 9. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืขืื ืืฉื ืืช ืฉืื' ืขืฉืจืืช [ืืื ืื] ืืกืคืจ ืืจืืืข ืืื ืจืง ืขื ืืืืจ ืืืื' ืื ื'ื'ื'ื'ื 'ืก'ืข'ืค'ืฆ' ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืืข ืื ืขื ืืืืจ ืืืื' ืืฉ ืื ื' ืืจืืืขื' ืืื ื"ื ืฉืจืฉื ื' ื"ื ืฉืจืฉื ื' ื"ื ืฉืจืฉื ื' ื"ื ืฉืจืฉื ื' ืก"ื ืฉืจืฉื ื' ืค"ื ืฉืจืฉื ื‫' |- |colspan="2" | :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{16}=4\quad\sqrt{25}=5\quad\sqrt{36}=6\quad\sqrt{49}=7\quad\sqrt{64}=8\quad\sqrt{81}=9}}</math> |- |Every odd rank, such as the hundreds, which is third; the tens of thousands, which is fifth; the seventh, the ninth, and the like endlessly, is analogous to the rank of units, because there are also three squares in them. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืขืื ื ืคืจื' ืืื' ืืืื' ืฉืื' ืืฉืืืฉื' ืื ืืจืืืื' ืฉืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืืืขื' ืืชืฉืืขื' ืืื ืืื ืืืื' ืืืื' ืืืขื' ืืืืื' ืืฉืืฉ ืื ื"ื ื' ืืจืืืขื‫' |- | :As in the hundreds: 100, whose root is 10; 400, whose root is 20; 900, whose root is 30, and so on. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{100}=10\quad\sqrt{400}=20\quad\sqrt{900}=30}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื' ืืืื' ืืฉ ืง' ืืฉืจืฉื ื' ืช' ืืฉืจืฉื ื' ืช'ืช'ืง' ืืฉืจืฉื ื' ืืื ืืื |- |The squares in the odd ranks are always [analogous to] 1, 4, 9 and their roots are [analogous to] 1, 2, 3 in the preceding rank to its immediate right. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืขืื' ื'ื'ื' ืืจืืขื' ืืืขืื' ื ืคืจืื' ืืฉืจืฉื ื'ื'ื' ืืืืขืื ืฉืืคื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืงืจืืื ืื |- |Every even rank is analogous to the tens. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืืืืช ืืื' ืืขืฉืจื‫' |- | :As the thousands, in which there are six squares. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื' ืืืืคื' ืืฉ ืื ื' ืืจืืืขื‫' |- |As the squares in the tens are with addition of units, which is the closest rank to its right, so you always add to the even rank units from the preceding rank, which are added as units of the tens. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืฉืืขืฉืจื' ืืืจืืืขื' ืขื ืืืืจ ืืืื' ืื ืฉืืื ืืืขื' ืืงืจืืื ืืืืื ืืคื ืื ืื ืชืืืจ ืืขืืื ืขื ืืืขื' ืืืืืื' ืืืื' ืืืืขืื ืฉืืคื ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืชืฆืืจื ืืืืกืืฃ ืืืื' ืข' ืืขืฉืจื‫' |- | :As in the thousands: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื' ืืืืคื‫' |- | :One thousand and 600, which is analogous to 16, whose root is 40, which is analogous to 4. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{1600}=40\quad\sqrt{16}=4}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉ ืืืฃ ืืช"ืจ ืืืื' ืื"ื ืืฉืจืฉื ืช'ื' ืืื' ืืื' ืื‫' |- | :Two thousand and 500, which is analogous to 25, whose root is 50, which is analogous to 5. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2500}=50\quad\sqrt{25}=5}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืคืื ืืช"ืง ืืืื' ืื"ื ืืฉืจืฉื ื ' ืืืื' ืื‫' |- | :3 thousand and 600, which is analogous to 36, whose root is 60, which is analogous to 6. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{3600}=60\quad\sqrt{36}=6}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื' ืืืคื' ืืช"ืจ ืืืื' ืื"ื ืืฉืจืฉื ืก' ืืืื' ืื‫' |- | :4 thousand and 900, which is analogous to 49, whose root is 70, which is analogous to 7. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{4900}=70\quad\sqrt{49}=7}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื' ืืืคืื ืชืช"ืง ืืืื' ืื"ื ืืฉืจืฉื ืข' ืืืื' ืื‫' |- | :6 thousand and 400, which is analogous to 64, whose root is 80, which is analogous to 8. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{6400}=80\quad\sqrt{64}=8}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื' ืืืคื' ืืช' ืืืื' ืืก"ื ืืฉืจืฉื ืค' ืืืื' ืื‫' |- | :8 thousand and 100, which is analogous to 81, whose root is 90, which is analogous to 9. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{8100}=90\quad\sqrt{81}=9}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื' ืืืคื' ืง' ืืืื' ืืค"ื ืืฉืจืฉื ืฆ' ืืืื' ืื‫' |- |Likewise for every even rank. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืืขื' ืืืืืืช |- |This is the rule: every square of an odd rank is [analogous to] 1, 4, 9, whose roots are 1, 2, 3; and the squares of every even rank are [analogous to] 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, whose roots are 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, but the rank of the roots is never the closest to it. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืจืืืข ืฉื ืืขืื ื ืคืจืืช ืื' ื' ื' ื' ืืฉืจืฉื ื' ื' ื' ืืื ืืขื' ืืืืื' ืฉืจืฉ ืืจืืืขืื ื"ื ื"ื ื"ื ื"ื ื"ื ื"ื ืืฉืจืฉื ื' ื' ื' ื' ื' ื' ืืืื ืื' ืืขืืช ืืฉืจืฉื' ืืขืื' ืืกืืืื ืื |- |This is how you know the positional rank of the root: always look for an odd rank to shift the root from the square back to it as the number of ranks it is away from the units. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืชืืข ืืขืืช ืืงื' ืืฉืจืฉ ืืขืืื ืจืื ืืืกืคืจื' ืืขื' ื ืคืจืืช ืืืฉืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืจืืืง ืืืืจืืืข ืืืืจื ื' ืืกืคืจ ืืขืื' ืืืกืคืจ ืืขืื' ืฉืืจืืง ืืืืืื‫' |- | *Example: we find 4 in the ninth rank, like this: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืฉื ืืฆืื ื ื' ืืืขื' ืชืฉืืขื' ืืื |- | ::{|class="wikitable" style="color:blue; text-align:center;" |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |4||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0 |- | || || || ||2|| || || || |} |} | {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; text-align:center;" |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0 |- | || || || ||ื|| || || || |} |- |} |- | :We know that this number is square, because it is in an odd rank, so it is analogous to the units; in the units 4 is a square and its root is 2, so its root is also 2. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ืืืขื ื ืื ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืจืืืข ืื ืื' ืืขืื ื ืคืจื' ืืืื' ืืืืื' ืืืืืื' ื' ืื' ืืจืืืข ืืฉืจืฉื ืื' ื' ื"ื ืื ืื ืฉืจืฉื ื‫' |- | :The position of the 2 should be in the middle between the rank of the units and the rank of the square, meaning the fifth [rank]. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืงืืื ืฉื ืื' ืจืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฆืขืช ืืื ืืขืืช ืืืืื' ืืืขืืช ืืืจืืืข ืืืืื ื ืืืืฉืืช |- |Also for an even rank, since you always have to add the units of the preceding rank to the square and you have to shift the even rank back and consider it as tens in an odd rank, do as mentioned above and write the root in the middle. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืกืคืจื' ืืืืื' ืืืืจ ืฉืฆืจืื ืื ืืขืื' ืืืืจ ืขื ืืืจืืืข ืืืื' ืืืืขืื ืฉืืคื ืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืขืืช ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืช ืืืฉืื ืืขืฉืจื' ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืขืื ื ืคืจืืช ืขืฉื ื"ื ืื "ื ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืืฆืข |- | :As if you say: we find 36 in the eighth rank, which is even, and it is analogous to 36, which is a square in the tens and its root is 6, so its root is also 6 and the 6 must be written between the beginning of the square number and the units, in the middle, that is, in the fourth rank, which is 3 ranks away from the units, and so is its distance from the [seventh] rank, where the square number begins. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืชืื' ืืฆืื ื ื'ื' ืืืขื' ื' ืืื' ืืืืื' ืืืืื ืื"ื ืฉืืขืฉืจื' ืฉืื' ืืจืืืข ืืฉืจืฉื ื' ื"ื ืื ืื ืฉืจืฉื ื' ืืฆืจื' ืืืฉืื ืื' ืืื ืชืืืช ืืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืืข ืืืื ืืืืื' ืืืืฆืข ืืืืื ื ืืืขื' ื' ืฉืื' ืจืืืง ืืืืืื' ื' ืืขืื' ืืื ืื' ืจืืืง ืืืืขื' ืื' ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืืข |- | ::{|class="wikitable" style="color:blue; text-align:center;" |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |3||6||0||0||0||0||0||0 |- | || || ||6|| || || || |} |} | {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; text-align:center;" |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||ื||0||0||0||0||0||0 |- | || || ||ื|| || || || |} |- |} |- |Here is the procedure for knowing the approximate or real root: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืข' ืืฉืจืฉ ืืงืจื' ืื ืืืืชื |- |Write the number whose root is required in one row, according to its ranks. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืชื' ืืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืฉ ืฉืจืฉื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืคื ืืขืืืชืื |- | *Below is an example of 5 ranks as follows: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืื ื' ืืขืื' ืืื |- | ::{|class="wikitable" style="color:blue; text-align:center;" |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- | ||0||0||3||2 |- |0||1||4|| || |- |1|| || || || |- |5||4||3||2||1 |- | || ||2||3||3 |- | || ||4||6|| |} |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |4||0||0|| || |- |1||2||9||0|| |- | ||1||3||8||9 |} |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |5||4||2||8||9 |- | || || ||3||2 |} |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |5||4||3||2||1 |} |- |} | {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; text-align:center;" |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- | ||0||0||ื||ื |- |0||ื||ื|| || |- |ื|| || || || |- |ื||ื||ื||ื||ื |- | || ||ื||ื||ื |- | || ||ื||ื|| |} |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||0||0|| || |- |ื||ื||ื||0|| |- | ||ื||ื||ื||ื |} |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||ื||ื||ื||ื |- | || || ||ื||ื |} |- | {|style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" |- |ื||ื||ื||ื||ื |} |- |} |- | :You know from the above that this number [is in] an odd [rank] and it is analogous to the units, i.e. the 5. The closest root to it is 2, which is the root of 4, which is closest to it, preceding it. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืืืขืช ืืื "ื ืฉืื ืืืกืคืจ ื ืคืจื ืืืื' ืืืืื' ืจ"ื ืื' ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืืชืจ ืงืจื' ืื ืื' ื' ืฉืื' ืฉืจืฉ ื' ืืงืจืื ืื ืืคื ืื |- | :The place of this 2 as above is in the third rank beneath the 3. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืงื' ืื' ืื "ื ืื' ืืืขื' ื' ืชืืช ืื‫' |- | :Now, see how many ranks there are from the units to the place of the 2, which is your root, and start writing zeros from there, as the number of these ranks. |style="text-align:right;"|ืจืื ืืขืชื ืืื ืืขืื' ืขืืจื ืืืืืื' ืขื ืืงื' ืื' ืฉืื' ืฉืจืฉื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืชื' ืืืืื' ืืืกืคืจ ืืืขืื' ืืื |- | :As, if you say: from the units to the 2 there are 2 ranks, so we write two zeros beneath the line, starting from the 2 itself and going to the left. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืชืื' ืืืืืื' ืขื ืื' ืืฉ ื' ืืขืื' ืืื ื ืืชื' ืชืืช ืืงื ื' ืืืืื' ืืชืืืื' ืชืืช ืื' ืืขืฆื' ืืืืืื' ืืฉืืื |- | :Then, we write the product of 2 by 2 there and this is 4. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื"ื ื ืืชื' ืืขืื' ืืืคื ื' ืขื ื' ืฉื ืืื' ื‫' |- | :Subtract the 4 from the 5 of the required number; 1 remains. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{5-4=1}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื"ื ืืจืข ืื' ืืื' ืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืจ ื‫' |- | :Write 1 above the 5 and strike out the 5, because it is not needed any more. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืชื' ื' ืืืขื ืื' ืืืขืืจ ืงื ืกืืื ืื' ืื ืื' ืื ืฆืืจื ืขืื |- | :Now, you should to know the root that is closer than the 2: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืขืชื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืขืช ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืืชืจ ืงืจืื ืืื‫' |- | :You should take a number to add to the root, so that you add double that number to twice the root, which is 2 in our example, in the rank of hundreds, as well as the product of that number by itself. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืงืืช ืืื ืื ืืกืคืจ ืฉืชืืกืืฃ ืขื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืคื ืืืชื ืืกืคืจ ืขื ืคืขืืื ืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืฉืื' ืื' ืืืฉืืื ื ืืืขื' ืืืืืช ืืื ืืคื ืืืกืคืจ ืืื' ืขื ืขืฆืื |- | :The proof of this is that we assume a square number of 4 tens of thousands, so its root is 2 hundred, as you have seen, and its root is one side of the square itself. Because a length of 2 hundred cubits by a width of 2 hundred cubits is 4 tens of thousands of cubits by cubit. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืคืช ืื ืื ืื ืื ื ืื ืื ื ืืกืคืจ ืืจืืืข ืฉื ื' ืจืืืื' ื"ื ืฉืจืฉื ื' ืืื' ืื' ืฉืจืืืช ืืฉืจืฉื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืฆืืข ืืืืช ืืืืจืืืข ืืขืฆื' ืื ื' ืืื' ืื' ืืจื ืขื ื' ืืื' ืื' ืจืื ืืืฆื ืื ื' ืจืืืื' ืืื' ืฉื ืืื ืขื ืื‫' |- | :Suppose we add thirty to the root of this square, so one side of this square is 230. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ืื ืฉื ืืกืืฃ ืขื ืฉืจืฉ ืื ืืืจืืืข <s>ื'</s> ืฉืืฉื' ืืืืื ืฆืืข ืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืืข ืจ"ื |- | :We find that when you put 30 strips, each of which is two hundred cubits long and 1 cubit wide, that is, one strip of two hundred by 30, and you add them to one side of this square - as, if you say to its east - then, its length exceeds its width - its length is 230 and its width is 200. |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืฆื ืฉืชืฉืื ื' ืจืฆืืขื' ืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืืชืื ืื' ืืจื ืื' ืื' ืจืื ืืืืื ื ืจืฆืืขื ืืืช ืฉื ืืืชืื ืขื ื' ืืชืืืจื ื ืืฆืืข ืืื ืืืืจืืืข ืืืื ืชืื' ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืข ืื ืืจืื ืืชืจ ืขื ืจืืื ืืจืื ืจ"ื ืืจืืื ืจ‫' |- | :Then, you add another strip of 200 by 30 to the south of the square, so its width is also 230. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื"ื ืืืกืคืช ืขืื ืจืฆืืข' <s>ื'</s> ืฉื ืจ' ืขื ื' ืื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืืข ืืืืื ืจืืื ื"ื ืจ"ื |- | :Therefore, you already added to this [square] a product of 30 by 200 - once to the east and once to the south. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื"ื ืืืจ ืืืกืคืช ืขื ืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืคื ื' ืขื ืจ' ืคืขืื' ืคืขื ื' ืืืืจื ืืคืขื ื' ืืืจืื |- | :This is a product of 30 by 400. |style="text-align:right;"|<s>ืืขื</s> ืืื' ืื' ืืคื ื' ืขื ืช‫' |- | :There is still a "remote corner" missing in this rectangle, and it is the southeastern corner, which is not filled until after you put there a square of 30 by 30. Then, the rectangle becomes an equilateral square, whose root is 230. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืขืืืื ืืกืจื ืงืจื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืจืืืข ืืื' ืืงืจื ืืจืืื' ืืืจืื' ืืฉืจ ืื ืชืชืืื ืจืง ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืจืืืข ื' ืขื ื' ืืื ืืฉืื ืืจืืืข ืฉืื ืืฆืืขื' ืฉืจืฉื ืจ"ื |- |Illegible |style="text-align:right;"|‫[...] ืืืืืฆื ืืื [...] ืฉืชืืคืื ืื ืฉืชืจืฆื ืืืืกืืฃ ืขืืื ืขื ืขืฆืื ืื"ื ืขื ื' ืคืขืื [...] ืืขืฉื' ืฉืืื ืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืกืืฃ ืขืืื ืืคื ื' ืขื ืขืฆืื ืฉืื' ื"ื [...] ืคืขืื [...] ืื ืืคื ื' ื"ื ืฉืื' ื' ืคืขืื' ื"ื |- |Illegible |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืชืื ื ืื ืื' ืืืจื ืฉืืฆืืช [...] ืืืชืืชื [..] ืขื ืืงืื' ืื ืืกืจืื ' ืืจืืืขื ืฉื ืื' ืื"ื ืื ืฉืืจ ื' ืฉืื ืืขืชื ืืืกืืฃ ืขื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืืกืคืจ ืื ืฉืืจ ืืื' ื' ื' ื' ื' ื' ืืื ืื ืฉืชืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืชืื ืื |- |Illegible |style="text-align:right;"|ืงื ืืฉืจืฉ ืฉืืฆืืช ื' ืคืขืืื ืจ"ื ืืคืื ืืืชื ืขื ื' ืื ืื' ื' ืืชื' ื' ืืื ื' ื'ื' ืืืืืืื ื ื ืื' ื' ืืื ืืช'[...] ืืืขืืชื ื‫' |- | :Now, divide the upper number by the 4 and see how many times 4 is in the last 1 with the 4 that precedes it, when you shift it backwards and they become 14: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืง ืืขืชื ืืืกืคืจ ืืขืืืื ืขื ืื' ืืจืื ืื' ืคืขืื' ืืืฆื ื' ืื' ืืืืจืื ' ืขื ืื' ืฉืืคื ืื ืืฉืชืฉืืื ื ืืืืจื ื' ืืืืื ื"ื |- | :It is found 3 times, but you need to see if it is enough to fill the "remote corner", which is 9 and it is the product of 30 by 30. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื' ื' ืคืขืื' ืืืฆื ืืฆืจืื ืืจืื' ืื ืืืฆื ื"ื ืืืืืช ืืงืจื ืืื' ืืื' ื' <s>ืื</s> ืฉืื' ืืคื 0"ื ืขื 0"ื |- | :If it was not enough, I would take only 2, but in our example we can take 3. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืืืชื ืืืงื ืจืง ื' ืืื ื ืืืืืื ื ื ื ืืื ืืงื[ืช] ื‫' |- | :We write 3 before the 2, to its right. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืชื' ืืขืช' ื' ืงืื ืื' ืืืืื ‫' |- | :Again do as above, like this: |style="text-align:right;"|<s>ืื</s> ืืฉืื ืืขืฉื' ืื "ื ืืื' ืื |- | :See how many ranks there are from the units to the 3; there is one. |style="text-align:right;"|ืจืื ืื' ืืขืื' ืืืืืื' ืขื ืื' ืืื ื ืื' ืืืช |- | :So, write one zero beneath the line in the second rank, i.e. beneath that 3. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืชื' ืชืืช ืืงื ืืืขืื ื' ืืืืื ื ืชืืช ืื' ืืื' ืืืื ืืื |- | :Then, multiply 3 by itself; the result is 9. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{3^2=9}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื"ื ืืคืื ื' ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืืฆื ื‫' |- | :Write it in its place beneath the line, to the left of the single zero you wrote below the 3. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืชืืื ืืืงืืื ืชืืช ืืงื ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืขืฉืืช ืชืืช ืื‫' |- | :Multiply again the 3 by the 4, which is twice the root; the result is 12. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{3\sdot\left(2\sdot2\right)=3\sdot4=12}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืฉืื ืืคืื ืื' ืขื <s>ืื'</s> ืื' ืฉืืื' ื' ืคืขืื' ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืขืื ื"ื |- | :Write it in its place after the 9, beneath the line. Because the 3 is of the rank of tens and the 4 is of the rank of hundreds and the product of tens by hundreds is thousands. So, start writing the 2 beneath the rank of thousands and the 1 beneath the tens of thousands. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืชืื ืืืงืื' ืืืจื ืื' ืชืืช ืืงื ืื ืื' ืื' ืืืขื' ืืขืฉืจื' ืืื' ืืืืื' ืืืคื ืขืฉืจื' ืืืื' ืืขืื ืืืคื' ืืื ืชืื ืืืชื' ืื' ืชืืช ืืขืืช ืืืืคื' ืืื' ืชืืช ืืจืืืื‫' |- | :Then, subtract it from the upper number, each from its corresponding: |style="text-align:right;"|ืื"ื ืืจืข ืื ืืืืกืคืจ ืืขืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ื |- | :Meaning, the 1 from 1 - nothing remains; the 2 from 4 - 2 remains. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{1-1=0}}</math> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{4-2=2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืื ื ืื' ืื ืื' ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืจ ืืื' ืืื' ืืฉืืจ ื‫' |- | :Since we cannot subtract the 9 from 3, we shift 1 backwards and write 1. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2-1=1}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืคื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืงืืช ืื ืื' ืืื' ืืื ื ืฉืื ื' ืืืืจื ื' ืื ืืชื' ื‫' |- | :We subtract the 9 from the 1 that is shifted backwards to the 3, so they are 13; 4 remains. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(10+3\right)-9=13-9=4}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืงื ืื' ืืื' ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืจื ื' ืขื ืื' ืฉืื ื"ื ืืืฉืืจื ื‫' |- | :We write 4 and we write all above the upper line each in its rank as you see in our diagram. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืืชื' ื' ืื ืืชื' ืื ืืืขืื ืืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืฉ ืขื ืืขืืชื ืืื ืฉืชืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ื ืื |- | :Strike out the 4, 3 and 1, because they are not needed. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืขืืจ ืงื ืขื ื"ื ืืขื ื' ืื ืื' ืื ืฆืจื |- | :You find the approximate root 230. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืืฆืืช ืฉืจืฉ ืืงืจื' ืจ"ื |- | :You want to increase the square and root further, because there are more digits of the original required number, since you are still left with 1421. |style="text-align:right;"|ืขื' ืชืจืฆื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืืข ืืืฉืจืฉ ืื ืืฉ ืขืื ืืกืคืจ ืจื ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืืจืืฉ ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืื ืขืืืื ื' ื' ื' ื' <s>ืืื ืืืงืื ืขื ืื' ืืชืจืื ืืื ืคืขืื' ืืืฆื ื' ื</s> |- | :Multiply the 3 also by 2; it is 6. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\sdot3=6}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืื ืืขืชื ืืืคืื ืื ืื' ืื' ืืืืื ื‫' |- | :Write it beneath the 3. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืชืื ืชืืช ืื‫' |- | :Now, divide the number remaining from the required by double the whole root, which is 46, meaning 460, because the root is 230. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\sdot230=460}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืขืชื ืืืง ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืชืจ ืืืืจืืฉ ืขื ืืคื ืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืื' ื'ื' ืืืืื ื ืช"ืก ืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืื' ืจ"ื |- | :See how many times 4 is in 14; it is 3 times in it. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืจืื ืืื ืคืขืื' ืืืฆื ื' ืื"ื ืืื ืื ื' ืคืขืื‫' |- | :Write 3 before the 23 of the root, beneath the 1. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืชื' ื' ืืคื ื ืื'ื' ืฉื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืชืืช ืื‫' |- | :Multiply 3 by itself; it is 9. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{3^2=9}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืคืื ืืขืชื ื' ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืืืื ื‫' |- | :Write it beneath the line and beneath the 3 of the units, in order to complete the "remote corner", and since the 3 is not at all far from the rank of units, there is no need to write a zero. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืชืื ืชืืช ืืงื ืืชืืช ืื' ืืืืืืช [ืืืืื ืืืื ืืงืจื ืืืืช] ืืืคื ืฉืื' ืืื ' ืจืืืงื ืืืจ ืืืขืืช ืืืืื' ืข"ื <sup>ืืื</sup> ืฆืจื' ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืื |- | :Multiply the 3 also by twice the root, which is 46; you find 138. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{3\sdot\left(2\sdot23\right)=3\sdot46=138}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืขืื ืืคืื ืื' ืืฉืจืฉ ื' ืคืขืื' ืฉืื ื'ื' ืืชืืฆื ื'ื'ื‫' |- | :Write it in its place, meaning, start from the lower 9. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืชืื ืขื ืืงืื' ืืืืื ื ืฉืชืชืืื ืืฆื ืื' ืืืื |- | :The result of multiplying 3 by itself and by double the root is 1389. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืฆื ืืืคื ื' ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืขื ืืฉืจืฉ ืคืขืืื ื ื ื ื |- | :Subtract this number from what you have left of the required number, which is 1421: :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{1421-1389}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืจืข ืืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืฉ ืืื' ื ื ื ื |- | :Subtract 1 from 1; nothing remains. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{1-1=0}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืืกืจ ื' ืื' ืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืื |- | :Subtract 3 from 4; 1 remains. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{4-3=1}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืขืื ืืกืจ ื' ืื' ืืฉืืจ ื‫' |- | :Since we cannot subtract 8 from 2, we should shift this 1 backwards, so nothing remains in this rank also. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{1-1=0}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืคื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืงืืช ื' ืื' ืฆืจืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืื' ืืืืจื ืืช ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืื' ืืืืช ืืืขื' ื"ื |- | :Subtract 8 from 12; 4 remains. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{12-8=4}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืกืจ ื' ืื'ื' ืจ"ื ืื"ื ืืฉืืจ ื‫' |- | :We still need to shift 1 backwards from the 4; 3 remains. Write it down. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{4-1=3}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืขื' ืฆืจื' ืืืฉื' ืืืืจื ื' ื' ืืื' ื ืฉืืจ ื' ืืื ืชืืชื‫' |- | :Subtract 9 from 11; 2 remains. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{11-9=2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืขื' ืืกืจ ื' ืื"ื ืืื' ื"ื ืืืฉืืจ ื‫' |- | :Write it in its place and crossed out 1421 because it is no longer needed. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืชืื ืืืงืื' ืืืขืืจ ืงื ืขื ื"ื ื"ื ืื ืื' ืื ืฆืืจื ืขืื |- | :So, the required approximate root of 54321 is 233. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sqrt{54321}\approx233}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืงืจืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืื |- | :The square of 233 is as the sum of all the squares of the roots you extracted, which is 54289 and the remainder is 32. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{233^2=54289}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืื ืืืจืืืข ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืจืืืขื' ืฉืืืฆืืช ืืืฉืจืฉื' ืืืื ืืืจื ืืชืืืจื ืืื' ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืกืคืจ ืื ื"ื |- | :If you add 32 to the square, you receive the required number. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืชืฉืื ืืืืจ ื"ื ืขื ืืืจืืืข ืืฆื ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืฉ |- |I will give you various rules, the knowledge of which is necessary for the root extraction procedure. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืืื' ืืชืืืคื' ืืฉ ืฆืืจื ืืืืืขืชื ืืืขืฉื ืืฉืจืฉืื |- |The first rule: when you extract the first root from the last digit you have, if it is in an odd rank, or in the preceding to the last, if it is in an even rank, you should write that root in the middle rank, as I have shown you and take as much as you can. If you cannot take anything from from that rank, and you take from the [rank] that is second to it, write it as far from the place, from which you take the quotient, as the first root is far from the units. So, you should write a zero in the place that precedes the first root, and before this zero you should write the result of the division. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืื' ืืฉืืงืืช ืืฉืจืฉ ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืื' ืืขืื ื ืคืจืืช ืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืขืื ืืืืืืช ืจืืื ืืืชื' ืืฉืจืฉ ืืื' ืืืืจืื ืืืืฆืขื' ืืืจืืืชืื ืืชืงื ืื ืื ืฉืชืืื ืืื ืื ืชืืื ืืงืืช ืืืจ ืืืืงื' ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉื ื ืื ืื ืื ืชืืชืืื ืจืืืง ืืืืงื' ืฉืชืงื ืืื ื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืง ืืืฉ[ืจ] ืืฉืจืฉ ืืจืืฉืื ืจืืืง ืืืืืื' ืืืื ืจืืื ืืืชื' ืืืื ืืืงื' ืฉืืคื ื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืจืืฉื' ืืง[ืืื] ืืื ืืืืื ืชืืชื' ืืืืฆื ืืืืืืง |- |The second rule: when you divide again what remains of the number you have by double the root, do not take the last number from which you took it first, even if you see that it is possible to take from it, because when you take the root from it first, you already take from it everything that should [be taken from it]. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืื' ืืฉืชืฉืื ืืืืง ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื ืขื ืืคื ืืฉืจืฉ ืื ืชืงื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืงืืช ืืื ื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืฃ ืื ืืืืกืคืจ [ืฉืืืจืื] ืืืฃ ืื ืชืจืื ืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืงืืช ืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืฉืืืงื ืืื ื ืืฉืจืฉ ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืื[ืงื ืืื ื ืื ืืจืืื |- | == Division of sexagesimal fractions == | |- |When you wish to divide a number that consists of degrees, minutes and seconds by another number, smaller or greater: |style="text-align:right;"|‫<ref>Guenzburg 196r</ref><big>ืืืฉืจ</big> ืชืจืฆื ืืืืง ืืฉืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืงืื ืืฉื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืงืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื |- |Take the number of the bottom row, which is the number by which you divide the number of the upper row, and convert all into the lowest type of fractions in it. |style="text-align:right;"|ืชืงื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืชืืชืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืฉืจ ืขืืื ืืืืง ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืชืฉืืจ ืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืงืื ืืฉืจ ืื |- |I.e. if the lowest fraction in it is seconds, convert all into seconds; if thirds, convert all into thirds and so on. |style="text-align:right;"|ืจ"ื ืฉืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืงืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืชืขืฉื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืื ืขื ืื ืืืจื |- |Then, take the number of the top row, which is the number divided by the number of the bottom row, and convert all into the [type of] fractions, which is as far from the type of fractions, into which you converted the bottom [number], as the type you want to receive in the division is far from the degrees. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืจ ืื ืงื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืง ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืชืืชืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืชื ืื ืื ืืฉืืจืื ืฉืืืื ืจืืืง ืืืื ืืฉืืจืื ืฉืฉืืจืช ืื ืืชืืชืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืจืืง ืืืื ืฉืชืจืฆื ืฉืืฆื ืื ืืืืืงื ืื ืืืขืืืช |- |I.e. if you converted the number of the bottom row into seconds and you want to receive thirds in division, convert the number of the top row into fifths that are three ranks away from the seconds, as the distance of the thirds from the rank of the degrees; the result of division will be thirds. |style="text-align:right;"|ืจ"ื ืฉืื ืฉืืจืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืชืืชืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืจืฆื ืฉืืฆื ืื ืืืืืงื ืฉืืฉืืื ืื ื ืชืฉืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืจืืืง <sup>ืื</sup> ืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืฉื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืจืืง ืืฉืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืืืช ืืื ืืฆื ืืืืืงื ืฉืืฉืืื |- |If you want to be more precise, so that the result of division will be fourths, convert the top row into sixths that are four ranks away from the seconds, as the distance of the fourths from the rank of the degrees; then you will get fourths from the division. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืชืจืฆื ืืืงืืง ืขืื ืฉืืฆื ืืืืืงื ืจืืขืืื ืชืฉืืจ ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืฉืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืจืืืง ืืืฉื ืืื ืืจืืข ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืจืืง ืืจืืขืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืืืช ืืื ืืฆื ืื ืืืืืงื ืจืืขืืื |- |And so on this way. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืขื ืื ืืืจื |- |If you covert the bottom row into thirds and you want to be more precise, so that you will get fourths from the division, convert the number of the top row into sevenths that are four ranks away from the fractions of the bottom row, as the distance of the fourths from the rank of the degrees; then you will get fourths from the division. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืฉืืจืช ืืืืจ ืืชืืชืื ืืฉืืฉืืื ืืชืจืฆื ืืืงืืง ืขื ืฉืืฆื ืื ืืืืืงื ืจืืขืืื ืชืฉืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืฉืืขืื ืฉืืื ืจืืืง ืืฉืืจื ืืืืจ ืืชืืชืื ืืจืืข ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืจืืง ืืจืืืขืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืืืช ืืืฆื ืื ืืืืืง ืจืืืขืืื |- |If you want to be more precise, so that you will get fifths from the division, convert the number of the top row into eighths that are five ranks away from the fractions of the bottom row, as the distance of the fifths from the rank of the degrees; then you will get fifths from the division. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืชืจืฆื ืืืงืืง ืขื ืฉืืฆื ืื ืืืืืงื ืืืฉืืื ืชืฉืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืจืืืง ืืฉืืจื ืืืืจ ืืชืืชืื ืืืฉ ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืจืืง ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืืืช ืืืฆื ืืืื ืืืืืงื ืืืฉืืื |- |And so on this way. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืขื ืื ืืืจื |- |This is enough for you. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืืื |- | == Extracting roots of sexagesimal fractions == | |- |If you wish to find a root of any number you have consisting of degrees, minutes and seconds as many as they may be. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืชืจืฆื ืืืฆืื ืฉืจืฉ ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืคื ืื ืฉืืืื |- |Know up to which [type of] fractions you wish the root to be approximated, i.e. fourths, or fifths, or sixths, or which ever type of fraction you wish the approximate root to be composed of and denominate the root by it. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืข ืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืจืื ืชืจืฆื ืืืงืืง ืฉืืฆื ืืฉืจืฉ ืจ"ื ืื ืจืืขืืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืฉืฉืืื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืฉืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืชืจืฆื ืืืงืืง ืฉืืฆื ืืฉืจืฉ ืชืงืจืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืฉ |- |Then, convert the whole number you have into the type of fractions, which is as far from the type [of the fractions] of the root as the [type of the fractions of the] root is far from the degrees. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืจ ืื ืชืชืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืจืื ืฉืืืื ืจืืืง ืืืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืื ืืจืืง ืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืืขืืืช |- |If the type [of the fractions] of the root is fourths, convert the number into eighths and the resulting root will be fourths. |style="text-align:right;"|ืฉืื ืืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืจืืืขืืื ืชืชืื ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืฆื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืื ืจืืืขืืื |- |If the type [of the fractions] of the root is fifths, convert the number into [tenths] and the resulting root will be fifths. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืืืฉืืื ืชืชืื ืืืฉืืื ืืจืืืขืืื ืืื ืฉืืฆื ืืฉืจืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื |- |And so on this way. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืขื ืื ืืืจื |- |The rule of this method is that you multiply the type [of the fractions] of the root by its own name, one duplication: if its is seconds, convert them into fourths; if it is thirds, convert them into sixths; if it is fourths, convert them into eighths; if it is fifths, convert them into tenths. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืฉืชืืคืื ืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืคืื ืคืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืชืชืื ืืจืืืขืืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืชืชืื ืืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื ืจืืืขืืื ืชืชืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืชืชืื ืืขืฉืจืืื |- | == Multiplication of sexagesimal fractions == | |- |When multiplying a number by a number, convert the top row into its lowest [type of] fraction. |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืื ื</big> ืืืคืืืช ืืฉืืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืชืชืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืงืืื ืืฉืจ ืื |- |Convert also the bottom row into its lowest type of fraction. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืืจ ืืชืืชืื ืชืชืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืงืืื ืืฉืจ ืื |- |The result of multiplication will be of the type of fraction denominated by the sum of the types of both rows. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืืฆื ืืืคืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืงืจื ืืฉื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืืจืื |- |I.e. if you multiply seconds by seconds, the result will be fourths. |style="text-align:right;"|ืจ"ื ืฉืื ืชืืคืื ืฉื ืืื ืขื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฆื ืจืืืขืื |- |If seconds by thirds, the result will be fifths. |style="text-align:right;"|‫<ref>Guenzburg 196v</ref>ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืฆื ืืืืฉืืื |- | == A Rule for Checking the Squares == |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืืจืืืขืื</big>‫<ref>Guenzburg om.</ref> |- |When you have a number and you wish to check if it is a square, you can check it with the square that precedes it, or with the square that follows it: |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืืฉืจ</big> ืืืื ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืชืจืฆื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืจืืืข ืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืขื ืืืจืืืข ืืงืืื ืื ืืคื ืื ืืขื ืืืจืืืข ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืจืื |- |First with the square that precedes it: :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{a^2+b}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืจืืฉืื ื ืขื ืืืจืืืข ืืงืืื ืื ืืคื ืื |- |Consider the difference between the preceding square and the number you have. |style="text-align:right;"|ืชืืฉืื ืืืจืืง ืฉืืื ืืืจืืืข ืฉืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืื |- |Divide the difference by double the root of the preceding square, the least possible by as little as you can. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืง ืืืจืืง ืืืื ืขื ืืคื ืฉืจืฉ ืืืจืืืข ืฉืขืืจ ืคืืช ืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืขื ืืืขื ืฉืชืืื |- |Subtract the quotient [and] the square of the quotient from the difference. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{b-\frac{b}{2a}=\left(\frac{b}{2a}\right)^2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืจืข ืืืืจืืง ืืืื ืืืืฆื ืืืืืงื ืืื ืืจืืืข ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืฆื ืืืืืงื |- |If the result of dividing the difference by double the preceding root plus the square of the quotient equals the difference you have, no more and no less, then the number is a square. Otherwise, you are wrong. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\frac{b}{2a}+\left(\frac{b}{2a}\right)^2=b}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืืฆื ืื ืืืืง ืืืจืืง ืขื ืืคื ืืฉืจืฉ ืฉืขืืจ ืขื ืืจืืืข ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืฆื ืืืืืงื ืฉืื ืื ืืืจืืง ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืคืืืช ืืื ืืชืจ ืื ื ืืืกืคืจ ืืจืืืข ืืื ืื ืื ื ืืขืืช‫<ref>ืฉืขืืจ: Guenzburg ืฉื ืื</ref> |- |You can check it also with the square that follows it: |style="text-align:right;"|ืชืืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืขื ืืืจืืืข ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืจืื |- |Consider the difference between the number and the following square. |style="text-align:right;"|ืชืืฉืื ืืืจืืง ืฉืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืืจืืืข ืืขืชืื |- |Divide the difference by double the following square, and give it as much possible by as little as you can. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืง ืืืจืืง ืืืื ืขื ืืคื ืฉืจืฉ ืืืจืืืข ืืขืชืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืืคืฉืจ ืขื ืืืขื ืฉื ืืื |- |Subtract the difference and the square of the quotient from the quotient. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืจืข ืืืจืืง ืืืจืืืข ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืฆื ืืืืืงื ืืืขืืื ืืืืืง |- |If the result of division plus the square of the quotient equals the difference, then the number is a square. Otherwise, you are wrong. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืืงื ืขื ืืจืืืข ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืฆื ืืืืืงื ืฉืื ืืืจืืง ืื ื ืืืกืคืจ ืืจืืืข ืืื ืื ืื ื ืืขืืช |- |Over and done |style="text-align:right;"|ืชื ืื ืฉืื |- |Praise be to the Lord of the world. |style="text-align:right;"|ืชืืื ืืื ืขืืื |- |When the analogous square is less than the required number, we must take the greatest possible quotient so that the quotient is [equal to] the difference minus the square of the quotient. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\frac{b}{2a}=b-\left(\frac{b}{2a}\right)^2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืจืืืข ืื ืืฉื ืคืืืช ืืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืงืฉ ืฆืจืื ืฉื ืงื ืืืืืง ืืกืคืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืืืงื ืืืจืืง ืืืฉืจ ืืืืกืจ ืืื ื ืืจืืืข ืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืืืง |- |When you add the product to the analogous square with the square of the quotient, it is the square closest to the required number. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{a^2+\left(\frac{b}{2a}\sdot2a\right)+\left(\frac{b}{2a}\right)^2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืฉืจ ืชืืกืืฃ ืขื ืืืจืืืข ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืคื ืขื ืืจืืืข ืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืืจืืืข ืืืืชืจ ืงืจืื ืขื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืงืฉ |- |When you add the quotient to the root of the analogous square, it is its root. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\sqrt{a^2+\left(\frac{b}{2a}\sdot2a\right)+\left(\frac{b}{2a}\right)^2}=a+\frac{b}{2a}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืฉืจ ืชืืกืืฃ ืขื ืฉืืจืฉ ืืืจืืืข ืื ืืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืืง ืืื ืฉืจืฉื |- |When the required number is less than the analogous square, we must take the smallest possible quotient so that the quotient is [equal to] the sum of the difference and the square of the quotient. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\frac{b}{2a}=b+\left(\frac{b}{2a}\right)^2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืงืฉ ืคืืืช ืืืืจืืืข ืื ืืฉื ืฆืจืื ืฉื ืงื ืืืืืง ืืกืคืจ ืืืืชืจ ืงืื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืขืื ืืื ืืืจืืง ืืืืืจ ืขื ืืจืืืข ืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืืืง |- |When you subtract the product from the analogous square [and add] the square of the quotient, it is the square closest to the required number. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{a^2-\left(\frac{b}{2a}\sdot2a\right)+\left(\frac{b}{2a}\right)^2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืฉืจ ืชืืจืข ืืืืจืืืข ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืคื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืจืืืข ืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืืจืืืข ืืืืชืจ ืงืจืื ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืงืฉ |- |When you subtract the quotient from the root of the analogous square, it is its root. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\sqrt{a^2-\left(\frac{b}{2a}\sdot2a\right)+\left(\frac{b}{2a}\right)^2}=a-\frac{b}{2a}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืฉืจ ืชืืจืข ืืฉืจืฉ ืื ืืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืฉืจืฉื |- |The difference it the difference between the analogous square and the required number. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจืืง ืืื ืืืจืืง ืฉืืื ืืืจืืืข ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืงืฉ |- |The product is the product of the quotient by double the root of the analogous square. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\frac{b}{2a}\sdot2a}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืคื ืืื ืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืคืืช ืืกืคืจ ืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืืืง ืขื ืืคื ืฉืืจืฉ ืืืจืืืข ืื ืืฉื |- |Because, when there are two different squares, the ratio of the product of one root by the other to the first square is the same as the ratio of the second square to the product. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\left(A\sdot B\right):A^2=B^2:\left(A\sdot B\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืืจืืืขืื ืืชืืืคืื ืืืก ืืืืืืจ ืืืคืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉืจืฉืื ืขื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืจืืืข ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืก ืืืจืืืข ืืฉื ื ืื ืืืืืืจ |- | == <span style=color:green>MS London 7r-v</span> == | |- |He said: the reasons of the division are two: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืจ ืืขื ืืืืืง ืื ืฉื ืืื |- | :1) We multiply the result of the division according to the multiplication method by the bottom row, which is the divisor, then we add the remainder of the division to the product, if there is anything left. If the sum is equal to the upper row, which is the dividend, we calculated correctly. |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืฉื ืืคืื ืืืจื ืืืคื ืื ืฉืืฆื ืืืืืง ืขื ืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืฉืืืืงืื ืขืืื ืื ืืืจ ืขื ืืขืืื ืื ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืืืืง ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจ ืืืืืืง ืขืฉืื ื ื ืืื ื |- | :2) We multiply the scales of the result of division by the scales of the bottom row; we take the result. If there is anything left, we add it to it. If it equals the scales of the upper row, our calculation is correct. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื' ืฉื ืืคืื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืขืื ืืืืืง ืขื ืืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืฉืคื ืื ืงื ืืื ื ืืขืืื ืืื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืจ ืืืืง ื ืืืจืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ื ืืืช |- |The reason for the first scales is that the dividend number has as many times the divisor as the result of division, which is a number that counts the divisor in the greater number, which is the dividend. Therefore, [the product of] this by that is the dividend. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืงืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืื ืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืืงืื ืขืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืื ืื ืขื ืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืืง |- | === Chapter on Summation === |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืขืจ</big> ืืืืืจืช |- |To know how much is the sum of numbers from a known number to the last number. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืขืช ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืกืคืจื' ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืข ืขื ืกืืฃ ืืกืคืจ |- | *As if you say: we wish to know the sum from one to ten, as 1 with 2 - it is 3; 3 with 4 - it is 7; and you want to know easily: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืชืืืจ ืจืฆืื ื ืืืขืช ืืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืขืฉืจื ืืื ื' ืขื ื' ืื ื' ื' ืขื ื' ืื ื' ืืชืจืฆื ืืืขืช ืืงืฆืืจ |- | :If their number is even, as ten: we add 1 to it. Take a half of ten, which is five, and multiply the five by 11 and this is the last number [= the sum]. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sum_{i=1}^{10} i=\left(10+1\right)\sdot\left(\frac{1}{2}\sdot10\right)=11\sdot5}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืขืฉืจื ืื ืืกืืฃ ืขืืื ื' ืืชืงื ืืฆื ืืขืฉืจ ืฉืื ืืืฉื ืืืคืื ืืืืฉื ืขื ืื"ื ืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืื |- | :If [their number] is even, as from one to seven: add one to seven; it is 8. Take half of this number; it is 4. Multiply 4 by 7 and this is the required. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\sum_{i=1}^7 i=\left[\frac{1}{2}\sdot\left(7+1\right)\right]\sdot7=\left(\frac{1}{2}\sdot8\right)\sdot7=4\sdot7}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืคืจื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืฉืืข ืชืืกืืฃ ืขื ื' ืืื ืืืืื ื' ืืชืงื ืืฆื ืืืกืคืจ ืืื ื' ืืืคืื ืื' ืขื ืื' ืืืื ืืืืืื |- |Do this with any number, small of large, even or odd. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืชืขืฉื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืงืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื[ื] ื ืคืจื |- | *If you wish to find an unknown term, as if you say: the ratio of 4 to 6 is the same as the ratio of 8 to the unknown and you wish to find [the unknown term] :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{4:6=8:a}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืชืจืฆื ืืืขืช ืขืจื ื ืขืื ืืื ืฉืชืืืจ ืขืจื ื' ืื ื' ืืขืจื ื' ืื ืื ืขืื ืืชืจืฆื ืืืขืช |- | :[Multiply] the means [by each other], 6 by 8; it is 48. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืฆืขืืื ื' ืขื ื' ืืืื ื"ื |- | :Divide [it by] the first number, which is 4; you receive [12], which is the unknown. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{a=\frac{6\sdot8}{4}=\frac{48}{4}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืชืืืง ืืืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืื ื' ืขื ืื"ื ืืืขืื ืื ืืืง ื"ื ืืืื ืื ืขืื |- |Abraham said: I have found another way: add to the square of the last number its root, then take half of the result; that is the sum. This way helps to understand the inverse question. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\sum_{i=1}^n i=\frac{1}{2}\left(n^2+n\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#Abraham said|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืืจ ืืืจืื'''</span>]] ืืฆืืชื ืืจื ืืืจ ืฉืืืืกืืฃ ืขื ืืจืืืข ืกืืฃ ืืืฉืืื ืฉืจืฉื ืืืืงื ืืฆื ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืืฆื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืคื ืืฉืืื |- | *Example: one asks: I added up numbers and the result is 465; how much is the last number? |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืื ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืชื ืืกืคืจืื ืขืื ืชืก"ื ืืื ืืืื ืกืืฃ ืืืฉืืื |- |This is the rule: take the sum, always double the sum, then take the root of the square, i.e. the preceding square, and check it: if between the square and the double remains the root no more and no less, know that the root is the required. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} i=a\longrightarrow n=2a-n^2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืชืงื ืืืื ืืืืฆื [...] ืืคืื ืืขืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืืจืฉ ืชืงื ืื ืืืจืืืข ืืื' ืคื' ืื ืืคื ืฉืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืชื ื"ื ื ืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืจืืืข ืืืื ืื ืืคื ืืื ืฉืืจืฉ ืืื ืชืืกืคืช ืืืืจืขืช ืชืืข ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืฉืืจืฉ ืืื ืืืืืงืฉ |- | :We double 465; the result is 930. We know that the preceding square is 9 hundred and its root is 30. Between the square and the double there is none but 30, so you understand that the calculation is correct and the required is the root. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{n=\left(2\sdot465\right)-30^2=930-900=30}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืืคืื ื ืชืก"ื ืขื(ื) ืชืชืง"ื ืืืขื ื ืื ืืจืืืข ืฉืขืืจ ืืื ื ืืืืช ืืฉืจืฉื ื' ืฉืื ืืืกืคืจื' ืืืจืืืขื' ืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืืข ืืื ืืคื ื"ื ื' ืืขื ืื ืชืืื ืื ื ืืื ืื ืฉืืฉื ืืืืืืงืฉ ื‫' |- | === <span style=color:green>Word Problems</span> === | |- | ==== <span style=color:green>"How Many" Problem</span> ==== | |- | *{{#annot: group of people | #how many | HhMp}}Question: a man passed by a group of people. :He said to them: hello one hundred people. :They answered him: we are not one hundred people, but all of us, and other like us, and half of us, and a quarter of us with you will make one hundred. :<math>\scriptstyle X+X+\frac{1}{2}X+\frac{1}{4}X+1=100</math> |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืืื ืขืืจ ืขื <s>ืืืจ</s> ืื ืฉืื ืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื' ืืื ืืื ืืืฉ ืขื ื ืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืืฉ ืื ืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืืฆืืชืื ื ืืจืืืขืืชืื ื ืืขืื ื ืืื ืืื{{#annotend:HhMp}} |- | ::We take one for them; add one to them; add its half to them; it is two and a half. We add its quarter; they are 3-quarter. Since they are quarters added to integers, we convert the integers into quarters; [2] and 3-quarters are 11. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{1+1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}=2+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}=2+\frac{3}{4}=\frac{11}{4}}}</math> |style="width:45%;text-align:right;"|ื ืงื ืืื ืืื ื ืืกืืฃ ืืื ืขืื ืืื ืื ื ื ืืกืืฃ ืืื ืืืฆืืชื ืื ื ืฉื ืื ืืืฆื ื ืืกืืฃ ืจืืืขืืชื ืืืื ื ืจืืืขื' ืืืขืืืจ ืฉืื ืจืืืขืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืขื ืืฉืืื' ื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืื' ืืจืืืขืืืช ืืืืื ื ืื' ืจืืืขืืืช ืื ื ื"ื |- | ::Since he said that they are [100], their number without the addition of the one who spoke with them is 99. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืขืื' ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืกืคืจื ืขื ืืชืืกืคืช ื"ื ืืื ืืืชื ืฉืืืจ ืขืืื |- | ::We convert the 99 into quarters; they are 396. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{100-1=99=\frac{396}{4}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืืง ืื"ื ืฉืืจืื ืืจืืืขื' ืืืืื ืฉืฆ"ื |- | ::We divide them by 11; it is 36 and this is their number. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{396}{4}\div\frac{11}{4}=\frac{396}{11}=36}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืืงื ืขื ื"ื ืืืื ื"ื ืืืื ืืกืคืจื |- | ==== <span style=color:green>"If You Give Me" Problem</span> ==== | |- | *{{#annot: four men, item | #if you give me | xCtu}}Question: four buy one item. :One said to his friends: each one will give half of what is in his purse and I will give everything I have in my purse and I will buy the item. :The second [said]: each one will give a third of what is in his purse and I [will give] everything I have in my purse and I will buy the item. :The third said: each one will give a quarter and I [will give] everything I have in my purse and I will buy the item. :The fourth said: each one will give a fifth and I [will give] everything I have in my purse and I will buy the item. :How much is the price of the item and how much does each have in his purse? |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืืจืืขื ืงืื ืื ืืคืฅ ืืื<br> ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฆื ืืฉืจ ืืืืกื ืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืืกื ืืืงื ื ืืืคืฅ<br> ืืืฉืื ื ืื ืืื ืืชื ืฉืืืฉ ืื ืื ืฉืืืืกื ืืื ื ืื ืื ืืืืกื ืืืงื ื ืืืคืฅ<br> ืืืฉืืืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืชื ืืจืืืข ืืื ื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืกื ืืืงื ื ืืืคืฅ<br> ืืืจืืืขื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืชื ืืืืฉ ืืื ื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืกื ืืืงื ื ืืืคืฅ<br> ืืื ืขืจื ืืืคืฅ ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืกื{{#annotend:xCtu}} |- | ::The price of the item is 46 dinar. |style="text-align:right;"|ืขืจื ืืืคืฅ ื"ื ืืื ืจื‫' |- | ::The first has 15 peลกiแนญim. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืจืืฉืื ื"ื ืคืฉืืื‫' |- | ::The second has 23 dinar and 9 peลกiแนญim. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืฉืื ื ื"ื ืืื ืจื' ืื' ืคืฉืืื‫' |- | ::The third has 31 dinar and 3 peลกiแนญim. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืืืฉื ื"ื ืืื ืจื' ื ืคืฉืืื‫' |- | ::The fourth has 35 dinar. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืจืืืขื ื"ื ืืื ืจื‫' |- | ::It is also possible to reach a half, a third and a quarter: the item 17 peลกiแนญim; the first - 5; the second - 11; and the third 13. |style="text-align:right;"|ืข"ื ืืืืืข ืขื ืืฆื ืฉืืืฉ ืืจืืืข ืืืคืฅ ื"ื ืคืฉืืื' ืืืื ื' ืืฉื ืื ื"ื ืืฉืืืฉื ื"ื |- | ==== <span style=color:green>"Find the Amount" Problem</span> ==== | |- | *{{#annot: measures | #find the amount | w6l5}}Question: A man sells 13 measures for 23 peลกiแนญim. :How many measures will he sell for 7 peลกiแนญim? |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืืื ืืืจ ื"ื ืืืืช ืื"ื ืคืฉื‫'<br> ืืื ืืืืช ืืชื ืื' ืคืฉ‫'{{#annotend:w6l5}} |- | ::As the ratio of 7 to 23 so is the ratio of the unknown to 13. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{7:23=X:13}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืขืจื ื' ืื ื"ื ืื ืขืจื ืื ืขืื ืื ื"ื |- | ::We multiply the extremes that are known; they are 91. |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืคืื ืืงืฆืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืขืื ืืืื ืฆ"ื |- | ::We divide them by 23; the result is 3 measures and 22 parts of 23 of one measure. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{7\sdot13}{23}=\frac{91}{23}=3+\frac{22}{23}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืืงื ืขื ื"ื ืืขืื ื' ืืืืช ืื"ื ืืืงื' ืื"ื ืืืื |- !<span style=color:green>"Find the Price" Problem</span> | |- | *We reverse the matter: we want to know for how much will he sell 7 measures? |style="text-align:right;"|ืืขืื ื ืืคื ืืขื ืื ืฉื ืจืฆื ืืืขืช ืืืื ืืชื ืื ื' ืืืืช |- | ::We do like this: we multiply the extremes; they are 161. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ื ืขืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืคืื ืืงืฆืืืช ืืืื ืงืก"ื |- | ::We divide them by 1[3]; they are 12 peลกiแนญim and 5 parts of 13 of one paลกiแนญ. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{7\sdot23}{13}=\frac{161}{13}=12+\frac{5}{13}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืืงื ืขื ื"ื ืืืื ื"ื ืคืฉืืื' ืื' ืืืงื' ืื"ื ืืคืฉืื |- | ::If it is asked for how much will he sell 7 measures, the ratio of the unknown to 23 is the same as the ratio of 7 to 13. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{X:23=7:13}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืชื ื' ืืืืช ืืืื ืขืจื ืื ืขืื ืื"ื ืื ื"ื ืืขืจื ื' ืื ื"ื |- | ==== <span style=color:green>Pursuit Problem</span> ==== | |- | *{{#annot: two men | #pursuit problem | W30R}}Question: A man walks 29 miles a day. :After 10 days, another starts walking 37 miles a day. :When will he catch up with him? |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ื"ื ืืืืื<br> ืืืจ ื' ืืืื ื ืกืข ืืฉื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ื"ื ืืืืื<br> ืืชื ืืฉืืืื{{#annotend:W30R}} |- | ::Multiply the miles he walks by 10 days; they are 290. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืคืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืื' ืืืื ืืืื ืจ"ืฆ |- | ::We divide it by the difference between the two velocities, which is 8; it is 36 days and a quarter of a day. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{29\sdot10}{8}=\frac{290}{8}=36+\frac{1}{4}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืืงื ืขื ืืืชืจืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืื ื' ืืื ื ื"ื ืืืื ืืจืืข ืืื |- | ::As the ratio of 10 days to the unknown so is the ratio of the difference, which is 8, to 29. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10:X=8:29}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ืืขืจื ื' ืืืื ืื ืื ืขืื ืื ืขืจื ืืืชืจืื ืฉืืื ื' ืื ื"ื |- | ==== <span style=color:green>Encounter Problem</span> ==== | |- | *{{#annot: two walkers | #encounter problem | DlW9}}Question: In how many days a 100 [miles] walk will be completed by two walkers at a [speed of] 19 and 17 towards each other? |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืง' ืขื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืื ืฉื ื"ื ืืฉื ื"ื ืื ืืงืจืืช ืื{{#annotend:DlW9}} |- | ::It is easy to know that it is as the ratio of the sum of both to 100. Divide it by it; it is 2 and 28 [parts] of 36 [...]; 28 of 36 are 7-ninths of a day. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{100}{19+17}=2+\frac{28}{36}=2+\frac{7}{9}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืงื ืืืขืช ืื ืืื ืืขืจื ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืื ืื ืงื ืืืืงื ืขืืื ืืืื ื' ืื"ื ืื"ื ืืื ืื ืื' ืืืื ืื"ื ืื"ื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืื"ื ืื"ื ืื ื' ืชืฉืืขืืืช ืืืื |- | ::If you want to know how many hours they are: it is known that the hours of the day are 12. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืชืจืฆื ืืืขืช ืืื ืฉืขืืช ืื ืืืืข ืืื ืื ืฉืขืืช ืืืื ื"ื |- | ::[As the ratio of] 7 to 9 so is the ratio of the unknown to 19. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{7:9=X:19}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ื' ืื ื' ืื ืขืจื ืื ืขืื ืื ื"ื |- | ==== <span style=color:green>Payment Problem</span> ==== | |- | *{{#annot: three workers | #payment problem | NjKL}}Question: A man had 3 [workers]. :[He said] that he would give the first 5 zehuvim and he would work for him for 20 days, but he did not want to finish the whole work. :He said to the second that he would give him 4, but he did not want to finish [the work]. :He said to the third that he would give him 5, but he did not want to finish either. :The three of them went and did everything together and the employer paid each one equally. :<math>\scriptstyle\begin{cases}\scriptstyle\frac{5}{20}X=\frac{4}{20}Y=\frac{3}{20}Z\\\scriptstyle X+Y+Z=20\end{cases}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืืื ืขื ื' ืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื' ืืืืืื ืืืขืืื ืื ื' ืืื' ืืื ืจืฆื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืขืืืื<br> ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ื ืฉืืชื ืื ื' ืืื ืจืฆื ืืืืืจ<br> ืืืจ ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉืืชื ืื ื' ืืื ืจืฆื ื"ื ืืืืืจ ืืืจ ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉืืชื ืื ื' ืืื ืจืฆื<br> ืืืืื ืฉืืฉืชื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืืจ ื ืชื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื{{#annotend:NjKL}} |- | :This is similar to the question about the moneychanger, but we define the zehuvim divided among the workers as the coins, the hired work is the zahuv, the common denominator is 60 and the sum of the parts is 47. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืฃ ืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืงื' ืืคืืขืื' ืืืืืขืืช ืืืขืืืื ืื ืฉืืจืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืก' ืืืืืืจ ืืืืงื' ื"ื |- | ::As the ratio of 47 to 60 so is the ratio of the zahuv to the unknown. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{47:60=1:X}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืืขืจื ื"ื ืื ืก' ืื ืขืจื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืขืื |- | ::The part is worth one zahuv and 13 [parts] of 47 of one zahuv. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{X=1+\frac{13}{47}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืืืืง ืืฉืื ืืื' ืืื ืื"ื ืื"ื ืืืืื ืืื |- | ::We wish to know: how much is the share of each: |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืงืฉ ืขืจื ืื ืืื ื‫' |- | ::The owner of the 3: 6 days and 2-thirds of a day [for one zahuv]. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืืขื ืื' ืื ื' ืืื' ืื' ืฉืืืฉืืืช ืืืื |- | ::The owner of the 4: 5 days for one zahuv. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืขื ืื' ืืืื' ืืื ื' ืืืื |- | ::The owner of the 5: 4 days for one zahuv. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืขื ืื' ืืืืื ืืื ื' ืืื‫' |- | ::The 3: divide his share by 47. As the ratio of 13 to 47 so is the ratio of the unknown to 20, which is the number of hours he works for one zahuv. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{13:47=X:20}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืฉื ื' ืขืืื ืืฉืืื ื ืืืง ืืขืืื ืื ืื"ื ืืขืจื ื"ื ืื ื"ื ืื ืขืจื ืื ืขืื ืื ื' ืฉืืื ืืกืคืจ ืฉืขืืช ืขืืืืชื ืืืื' ืืื |- | ::The 4: as the ratio of 13 to 47 so is the ratio of the unknown to [15]. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{13:47=X:{\color{red}{15}}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉื ื' ืืขืจื ื"ื ืื ื"ื ืื ืขืจื ืื ืขืื ืื ื"ื |- | ::If you add up all, the resulting sum is 20 days. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืชืืืจ ืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืืืืืืจ ื ืืืื |- | ==== <span style=color:Green>Boiling Problems</span> ==== | |- | :{{#annot: WP | #boiling problem | D5pi}}Question: A man wanted to cook ten measures of must so that one-third remains. After 2 [measures] were reduced and 8 remained, 2 [measures] overflowed, so they were 6. Thus, one asks: how much should remain, so that it will be cooked according to the first plan, when it is known that at the beginning 3 and one-third should have been reduced? :<math>\scriptstyle6:8=X:\left(3+\frac{1}{3}\right)</math> |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืืื ืืืจ ืืืฉื ืขืฉืจื ืืืืช ืืชืืจืืฉ ืขื ืืฉืืืจ ืฉืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืฉื ืชืืขืื ื ืืืื ื ื ืฉืคื ื ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื ืจืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืื ืืขืืื ืื' ืืคื ืื ื ืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืฉืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืจืืฉืื ืืคื ืื ืฉืืชืืื ืื ืืืืข ืฉื ืชืืขืื ืื' ืืฉืืืฉ{{#annotend:D5pi}} |- | ::As the ratio of 6 to 8 so is the ratio of the unknown to 3 and a third. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10:8=X:\left(3+\frac{1}{3}\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืืขืจื ื' ืื ื' ืื ืขืจื ืื ืขืื ืื ื' ืืฉืืืฉ |- | ==== <span style=color:Green>Whole from Parts Problems - lance</span> ==== | |- | *{{#annot: lance | #whole from parts | 8OUv}}Question: a lance, a third of it is in the water, a quarter of it is in the soil, and [up above the water] it is 7 cubits [long]. :What is the length of the whole [lance]? :<math>\scriptstyle\frac{1}{3}X+\frac{1}{4}X+7=X</math> |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืจืืื ืืืฆืืชื ืฉืืืฉืืชื ืืืื ืจืืืขืืชื ืืขืคืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืืช<br> ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื{{#annotend:8OUv}} |- | ::The common denominator is 12. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ืืืืจื ื"ื |- | ::We subtract its parts from it; [the remainder] is 5. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{12-\left(\frac{1}{3}\sdot12\right)-\left(\frac{1}{4}\sdot12\right)=12-7=5}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืกื ืืื ื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ื |- | ::As the ratio of 5 to 12 so is the ratio of 7 to the unknown. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{5:12=7:X}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื ืืขืจื ื' ืื ื"ื ืื ืขืจื ื' ืื ืื ืขืื |- | ==== <span style=color:Green>Multiple Quantities Problems</span> ==== | |- | *{{#annot: men, women, children | #multiple quantities | R01b}}Question: A man ordered to give 20 peลกuแนญim to 20 people - men and women and children - he gave 2 peลกiแนญim to each man, a half to each woman, and [a quarter to each child]. :How many [men, women, and children were there]? :<math>\scriptstyle\begin{cases}\scriptstyle2X+\frac{1}{2}Y+\frac{1}{4}Z=20\\\scriptstyle X+Y+Z=20\end{cases}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืืื ืฆืื ืืชืช ื' ืคืฉืื ืื' ืื ื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ื' ืคืฉืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืฆื ืืืื ืื [...]<br> ืืื ืืืืฉ{{#annotend:R01b}} |- | ::For 8 men - 16 peลกiแนญim. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื' ืื ืฉื' ืื ืคืฉืืื‫' |- | ::For 8 children - 2 peลกiแนญim |style="text-align:right;"|ืื' ืื ื' ื' ืคืฉืืื‫' |- | ::For 4 women - 2 peลกiแนญim. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื' ื ืฉื' ื' ืคืฉื‫' |- | *{{#annot: geese, pheasants, pullets | #multiple quantities | aHB5}}Question: A man said to his slave: Take 30 peลกiแนญim and buy me 30 poultry - a goose for 2 peลกiแนญim, a pheasant for a half, and a pullet for one paลกiแนญ. :How many were there of each kind? :<math>\scriptstyle\begin{cases}\scriptstyle2X+\frac{1}{2}Y+Z=20\\\scriptstyle X+Y+Z=30\end{cases}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืืื ืืืจ ืืขืืื ืงื ื' ืคืฉืืื' ืืงื ื ืื ื' ืขืืคืืช ืืืื ื' ืคืฉืืื' ืฉืืื ืืืฆื ืคืจืืืืช ืคืฉืื<br> ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื{{#annotend:aHB5}} |- | ::6 pullets, 8 geese, and 16 pheasants. |style="text-align:right;"|ื' ืคืจืืืืช ื' ืืืืืืช ื"ื ืฉืืืื |- | ==== <span style=color:Green>Whole from Parts Problems - fish</span> ==== | |- | *{{#annot: fish | #whole from parts | mZD5}}Question: a fish is 15 fingerbreadth [etzba'ot] in its body, without its tail and its head; its head is one-third of the whole fish and its tail is its quarter. How much is its whole with the head and the tail? :<math>\scriptstyle15+\frac{1}{3}X+\frac{1}{4}X=X</math> |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืื ืืฉ ืื ืื ืืฆืืขืืช ืืืืื ืืืคื ืืื ืจืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืง ืฉืืืฉืืช ืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืง ืจืืืขืืชื ืืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืขื ืืจืืฉ ืืืื ื{{#annotend:mZD5}} |- | :36 fingers: its third is 12; its quarter is 9. |style="text-align:right;"|ื"ื ืืฆืืขืืช ืฉืืืฉืืชื ื"ื ืืืจืืืขืืช ื |- | :[?] you find that it is so. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืคื ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืฉื' ืืจืืืขื' ืืชืืฆื ืื |- | *Question: A thief walks a fixed distance and the pursuer [walks] on the first day 1, on the second day 2 and so on he adds 2 every day, so the distance increases twice [the distance of] the thief. :In how many days will he catch the thief walking the entire distance he walked each day? |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืื ื ืืืื ืกืืื ืืื ืืืจืืืฃ ืืื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืื ืฉืื ื ื ืืื ืืืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืื' ื' ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืคื ืืื ื ืืืชืื ืื ืชืคื ืืื ืืืชืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืื ืกืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื |- | *Question: Shimon earned a seventh of his money on one day, the next day he earned a fifth of the whole amount, on the third day a third of the whole amount and the total sum is 10 dinar. :We ask: how much is the amount of money? :<math>\scriptstyle\frac{1}{7}X+\frac{1}{5}X+\frac{1}{3}X=10</math> |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืฉืืขืื ืืจืืื ืฉืืืขืืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืจืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืช ืืืชืืืจ ื' ืืื ืจื‫'<br> ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืื |- | ::The common denominator is 105. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืจื ืง"ื |- | *Question: to weigh 60 with 11 stones; also [to pay] the rent for 4 years and 2 months with 18 rings |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืืฉืงืื ืืื ืืื ื' ืก' [..] ืื ืื"ื ืืืขืืช ืืฉืืืจืืช ืื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืืฉื‫' |- | ::The result for the weight is with doubles. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฆื ืืืคื ืืืฉืงื |- | ::Do for rings as follows: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืืขืืช ื ื ื ื ื"ื |- | ::Duplicate until the number is obtained. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืคืื ืขื ืฉืืขืื ืืืฉืืื |- | ::For stones the result is with triples: 1, 3, 9, 27 |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืื ืื ืืฆื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ื ื ื ืื |- | == Glosses on Abraham Ibn Ezraโs Book of the number (P1026) == | |- | === The author of the Sefer Yezira === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#author of the Sefer Yezira|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืืขื ืกืคืจ ืืฆืืจื'''</span>]] |- |Explanation: The intention of the author of Sefer Yezira [= the Book of Creation] is to inform how man was created by one act from the creatures. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืืขื ืืืื ืช ืกืคืจ ืืฆืืจื ืืืืืืข ืืื ื ืืจื ืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืื |- |He said that three matters were needed for this: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื' ืฉืืฆืืจืื ืื ื' ืขื ืื ื‫' |- | === Sefar === The writing: through the faculties of the letters that are indicating him, the creation is done by the letters. |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#Sefar|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืกืคืจ'''</span>]] ืืื ืืืชืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืชืืืช ืืืจื ืื ืืืืชืืืช ืืขืฉื ืืืฆืืจื |- | === Sefer === It is the number, because composition and merging are only done by that one number is the duplication of the other. |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#Sefer|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืกืคืจ'''</span>]] ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืชืขืฉื ืจืง ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืกืื ืืืื ืืคื ืืืืจ |- | === Sipur === Because the scholars of this science assumed that they were leading down a spiritual force that gave power to that composition, so that the action of this power is not through anything, but not through anything is possible only through God. |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#Sipur|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืกืคืืจ'''</span>]] ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืขื ืฉืืขืฉื ืคืขื ืืื ืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืื ืืช‫' |- | === Since === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#Since God|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืขืืืจ'''</span>]] |- |The word "since" is applied until his saying below, "Therefore, the scales of every number". |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืช ืืขืืืจ ื ืืฉืืช ืขื ืืืจื ืืืื ืขื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืกืคืจ |- |Sefar is the composite. |style="text-align:right;"|'''ืกืคืจ''' ืืื ืืืจืืื |- |Sefer is the number, as "after the numbering wherewith [David his father] had numbered them [Chronicles 2, 2, 16]. |style="text-align:right;"|'''ืืกืคืจ''' ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืื ''ืืืจ ืืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ืกืคืจื''‫<ref group=note>ืืืจื ืืืืื ื, ื, ืื</ref> |- |Sipur is the expression of units. |style="text-align:right;"|'''ืืกืคืืจ''' ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื |- | === Higher decade === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#higher decade|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืืื ืืืืื'''</span>]] |- |Meaning: the closest to it [above] it. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืืงืจืื ืื ืืคื ืื |- | === The remainder is the required === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#the remainder is the required|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืืืงืฉ'''</span>]] |- |Explanation: a third multiplied by a third is a ninth. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3}\times\frac{1}{3}=\frac{1}{9}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืฉืืฉืืืฉืืช ืื ืืคื ืขื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืฆื ืชืฉืืขืืช |- |Therefore, when we multiply a third of a number by its third, we receive a ninth of the required square. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3}\sdot a\right)\times\left(\frac{1}{3}\sdot a\right)=\frac{1}{9}a^2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืืืคืื ื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืกืคืจ ืขื ืฉืืืฉื ืืฆื ืื ื ืชืฉืืขืืช ืืจืืืข ืืืจืืฉ |- |When we take the same in the higher rank, we receive ten times the ninth of the square. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืฉืจ ืืงืื ื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ื ืขืฉืจื ืืืืื ื ืชืฉืืขืืช ืืืจืืืข |- |Therefore, when we subtract from it the square of the third, which is a ninth of the square, the remainder equals the required square. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืืฉืืกืจื ื ืืื ืืจืืืข ืืฉืืืฉ ืฉืืื ืชืฉืืขืืช ืืืจืืืข ืืฉืืจ ืฉืื ืืืจืืืข ืืืจืืฉ |- | colspan=2| :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10\sdot\left[\left(\frac{1}{3}\sdot a\right)\times\left(\frac{1}{3}\sdot a\right)\right]-\left[\left(\frac{1}{3}\sdot a\right)\times\left(\frac{1}{3}\sdot a\right)\right]=\left(10\sdot\frac{1}{9}a^2\right)-\frac{1}{9}a^2=a^2}}</math> |- | === The sum is the required === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#the sum is the required|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืืฉ'''</span>]] |- | *Explanation: although the author mentioned this method only for extracting squares, it can be applied to the product of any two numbers divisible by three. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืืขืค"ื ืฉืื ืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืจื ืื ืจืง ืืืืฆืืช ืืืจืืืขืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืคื ืื ืฉื ื ืืกืคืจืื ืืขืื ืฉืืืฉ |- | :*Such as 12 and 18. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{12\times18}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื"ื ืื"ื |- | ::We multiply a third of the one, which is 4, by the third of the other, which is 6; the result is 24. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3}\sdot12\right)\times\left(\frac{1}{3}\sdot18\right)=4\times6=24}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ื ืืคืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืื ื' ืืฉืืืฉ ืืฉื ื ืืืื ื' ืืืขืื ื"ื |- | ::We rise it one rank higher; it is 240. |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืืืืื ืืขืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืจ"ื |- | ::Subtract the product of the two-thirds, which is 24; 216 remains and this is the product of 18 by 12. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืกืืจ ‫<ref>76r</ref>ืืคื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉืืืช ืฉืืื ื"ื ืืฉืืจื ืจื"ื ืืืื ืืคื ื"ื ืขื ื"ื |- | colspan=2| ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{12\times18=10\sdot\left[\left(\frac{1}{3}\sdot12\right)\times\left(\frac{1}{3}\sdot18\right)\right]-\left[\left(\frac{1}{3}\sdot12\right)\times\left(\frac{1}{3}\sdot18\right)\right]=10\sdot\left(4\times6\right)-\left(4\times6\right)=240-24=216}}</math> |- | *If they [are not divisible by three], but exceed by one: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืฉืื ื ืขืืจื ืืฉืืืฉ ืืืืกืืคืื ืืื |- | :*As 13 and 19, we do as follows: ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{13\times19}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื"ื ื"ื ื ืขืฉ[ื] ืื |- | ::We calculate the product of 12 by 18; the result is 216. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{12\times18=216}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืฆืื ืกื ืืืฉืืื ืื"ื ืื"ื ืืืขืื ืจื"ื |- | ::Since each of the numbers exceed by one over [the divisible by three], we add 12, 18, and one; the result is 247 and this is the product of 13 by 19. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืคื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืกืคืจืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืื ืขื ืืฉืืืฉ ื ืืกืืฃ ื"ื ืื"ื ืืืื ืืขืื ืจื"ื ืืืื ืืคื ื"ื ืื"ื |- | colspan=2| ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{13\times19=\left(12\times18\right)+12+18+1=216+12+18+1=247}}</math> |- | *If the two numbers are one less [than the divisible by three]: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืกืคืจืื ืืกืจืื ืืื |- | :*As 11 and 17: ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{11\times17}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื"ื ืื"ื |- | ::We calculate the product of 12 by 18; the result is 216. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{12\times18=216}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืขืฉื ืืืฉืืื ืื"ื ืื"ื ืืืขืื ืจื"ื |- | ::We subtract 11, 17 and 1 from 216 for the deficiency; 187 remains and this is the product of 11 by 17. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืขื ืืกืจืื ืืืื ื ืืจืข ื"ื ืื"ื ืืืื ืื ืจื"ื ืืืฉืืจ ืงืค"ื ืืืื ืืคื ื"ื ืื"ื |- | colspan=2| ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{11\times17=\left(12\times18\right)-11-17-1=216-11-17-1=187}}</math> |- | *If one exceeds by one and the other is less by one: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืื ืืืฉื ื ืืืกืจ ืืื |- | ::As 11 and 19, or 13 and 17. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื"ื ืื"ื ืื ื"ื ืื"ื |- | ::We calculate the product of 12 by 18; the result is 216. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{12\times18=216}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืขืฉื ืืืฉืืื ืื"ื ืื"ื ืืืขืื ืจื"ื |- | :*If they are 11 and 19: ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{11\times19}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ืื ืืื ื"ื ืื"ื |- | ::The [deficient] is 11 and the [exceeding] is 1[9], so the [exceeding] is greater than the [deficient] by [8; minus 1; it is] 7. Subtract it from 216; 209 remains and this is the required. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืชืืกืคืช ืืื ื"ื ืืืืกืจืื ืืื ื"ื ืื ืื ืืืกืจืื ืจื ืขื ืืชืืกืคืช ื' ืืกืจื ืื ืจื"ื ืืืฉืืจ ืจ"ื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉ |- | colspan=2| ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{11\times19=\left(12\times18\right)-\left(19-11-1\right)=216-7=209}}</math> |- | :*If they are 13 and 17: ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{13\times17}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืื ื"ื ืื"ื |- | ::The [deficient] is 17 and the [exceeding] is 13, so the excess of the greater is [4; plus 1; it is] 5. We add it to 216; it is 221 and this is the required. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ืืชืืกืคืช ืืื ื"ื ืืืืกืจืื ื"ื ืื ืื ืืชืืกืคืช ืจื ื' ื ืืกืืคื ืขื ืจื"ื ืืืื ืจื"ื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉ |- | colspan=2| ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{17\times13=\left(12\times18\right)+\left(17-13+1\right)=216+5=221}}</math> |- | :*If they are 18 and 13: ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{18\times13}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืืื ื"ื ืื"ื |- | ::We add 18 to 216; it is 23[4] and this is the required. |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืกืืฃ ืขื ืจื"ื ื"ื ืืืื ืจื"ื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉ |- | colspan=2| ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{18\times13=\left(12\times18\right)+18=216+18=234}}</math> |- | :*If they are 18 and 11: ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{18\times11}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ื"ื ืื"ื |- | ::We subtract 18 from 216; 198 remains. |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืจืข ื"ื ืื ืจื"ื ืืืฉืืจ ืงืฆ"ื |- | colspan=2| ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{18\times11=\left(12\times18\right)-18=216-18=198}}</math> |- | === Example: we wish to multiply 29 by 31 === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#29_by_31|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืืืื ืจืฆืื ื ืืืคืื ื"ื ืขื ื"ื'''</span>]] |- | :Explanation: another example: when we wish to multiply, for instance, 8 by 12, whose distance from 10, which is a decade, is the same, which is 2. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{8\times12}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืจืฆืืชื ื ืืืคืื ืืืฉื ื' ืขื ื"ื ืฉืืจืืงื ืื' ืฉืืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืฉืื ืืืื ื‫' |- | :We multiply 10 by itself; it is 100. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10\times10=100}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืคืื ื' ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืืื ืง‫' |- | :We subtract 4 from it, which is the square of 2. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(10\times10\right)-\left(2\times2\right)=100-4}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืกืจ ืืื ื ื' ืฉืืื ืืจืืืข ื‫' |- | :The explanation of this is that the multiplication of 8 by 12 is the multiplication of 8 by 10 and by 2. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{8\times12=\left(8\times10\right)+\left(8\times2\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืืจ ืื ืฉืืคื ื' ืขื ื"ื ืืื ืืคื ื' ืขื ื' ืืขื ื‫' |- | :The multiplication of 10 by 10 consists of the multiplication of 10 by 8 and by 2. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10\times10=\left(10\times8\right)+\left(10\times2\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืคื ื' ืขื ื' ืืื ืืืื ืืคื ื' ืขื ื' ืืขื ื‫' |- | :The multiplication of 10 by 2 consists of the multiplication of 8 by 2 and 2 by 2. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{10\times2=\left(8\times2\right)+\left(2\times2\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืคื ื' ืขื ื' ืืื ืืืื ืืคื ื' ืขื ื' ืื' ืขื ื‫' |- | :We find that the excess of 10 by 10 over 8 by 12 is 2 by 2. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(10\times10\right)-\left(8\times12\right)=2\times2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืฆื ืืชืจืื ื' ืขื ื' ืื ื' ืขื ื"ื ืืื ื' ืขื ื‫' |- |From this you understand all the other examples, and this is according to proposition 6 of Euclid's Book II. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืชืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืชืืื ืช ื' ืืืืืจ ื' ืืืืงืืืืืก |- |The rule is the same for any two different numbers, even if there are no decades: we add to the smaller number half the difference between the two numbers, square [the sum], subtract from the square the square of half the difference and the remainder is equal to the product of one of the two numbers by the other. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{a\times b=\left[a+\frac{1}{2}\sdot\left(b-a\right)\right]^2-\left[\frac{1}{2}\left(b-a\right)\right]^2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืกืคืจืื ืืชืืืคืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืกืืฃ ืขื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืชืจ ืงืื ืืฆื ืืชืจืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ื ืืืกืคืจืื ืื ืจืืขืื ืื ืืกืจ ืืืืจืืืข ืืจืืืข ืืฆื ืืืชืจืื ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืกืคืจืื ‫<ref>76v</ref>ืืืืจ |- |But this scholar wanted to make it easier, not harder, and for this reason he explained it only for the numbers whose distance from a decade is the same. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืงื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืกืคืจืื ืฉืืจืืงื ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืฉืื |- | === Know that if there are two digits to multiply === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#one digit by one digit|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืืข ืื ืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืืกืคืจืื ืืืคืื'''</span>]] |- |Explanation: if you wish to multiply 2 by 40, it is just a multiplication of one rank by another, but if we have one digit by two digits, or two by two, the ranks must be multiplied by each other according to the numerical value of the digits. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืื ืื ืชืจืฆื ืืืืืช ื' ืขื ื' ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืจืง ืืืืจืื ืืืืช ืขื ืืืืจืช ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ื ืืกืคืจ ืขื ืฉื ื ืืกืคืจืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืขื ืฉื ืื ืื ืฆืจืื ืืืคืื ืืืขืืืช ืื ืขื ืื ืืคื ืื ืื ืืืกืคืจืื |- | === You have to === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#two digits by two digits|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืชื ืฆืจืื'''</span>]] |- |Explanation: he said it in actu, although sometimes it can be done with less, because he said above: if they are two by two, it should be done 4 times, and then he explained that it can be done with less, so here too it can be done with less. Understand. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืื' ืื ืืฉืืื ืืขืคื ืฉืืคืขืืื ืืชืื ืืคืืืช ืืื ืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืขื ืฉื ืื ืฆืจืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ื' ืคืขืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืคืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืคืืืช ืืืื |- | === As if they are units === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#as if they are units|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืืื ืื ืืืืื'''</span>]] |- |Explanation: the reason for this is that every decade exceeds by one over the ninths, therefore we have to consider each decade as one. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืืกืืช ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืื ืขื ืชืฉืืขืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืื <s>ืขื</s> ืฉื ืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ื ืฉื ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืื |- |The reason for this is that the foundation of number are 9 numbers and here their units are inclusive. This is his statement at the beginning of the book: "therefore the scales of the number are 9". |style="text-align:right;"|ืืกืืช ืื ืืืืช ื' ืืกืคืจืื ืืกืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืกืคืจ ืขื ืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืกืคืจ ื‫' |- | === Does not assume any change === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#one_does_not_assume_change|<span style=color:blue>'''ืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืื'''</span>]] |- |Explanation: because change comes from composition, and the one is simple from being one. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืื ืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืืจืืื ืืืืื ืคืฉืื ืื ืืืืืชื ืืื |- | === Does not assume any increase === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#one_does_not_assume_increase|<span style=color:blue>'''ืื ืืงืื ืจืืื'''</span>]] |- |Because 1 [multiplied] by 1 is 1. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื' ืขื ื' ืืื ื‫' |- | === Does not assume any division === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#one_does_not_assume_division|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืื ืืืืง'''</span>]] |- |Because, if you divide it, there are two. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืชืืืงืื ืืืื ืฉื ืื |- | === It is the cause of any change === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#one_is_the_cause_of_increase_and_change|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืืื ืกืืช ืื ืฉื ืื'''</span>]] |- |Because the change results from the combination of two matters and the same for the number. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉื ื ืขื ืื ืื ืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืกืคืจ |- | === According to its rank === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#each_according_to_its_rank|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืคื ืืขืืชื'''</span>]] |- |Explanation: units corresponding to units and tens corresponding to tens. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืขืฉืจืืช ืื ืื ืขืฉืจืืช |- | === Less than the number === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#the_divisor_should_be_less_than_the_dividend|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืคืืืช ืืืืกืคืจ'''</span>]] |- |Explanation: the dividend number should be greater than the divisor number, because it is like the measure and the measured. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืฉืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืืง ืจืืื ืืืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืง ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืื ืืื |- |More precisely, this is not mandatory, as will be explained regarding the division of fractions, when we divide five-ninths by a whole number. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืืชืจ ื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืืจ ืืืืืง ืืฉืืจืื ืฉื ืืืง ืืืฉ ืชืฉืืขืืืช ืขื ืฉืื |- | === Did not reach the rank of the units === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#not_reached_the_units|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืื ืืืืข ืืืขืืช ืืืืืื'''</span>]] |- |Explanation: the result of division has not yet reached the rank of the units, because, if it had, it would have already been completely gone and would no longer be subject to division, since the dividend has already been divided into a number smaller than the divisor. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืฉืืืืฆื ืืืืืง ืื ืืืืข ืืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืฆื ืืืืฅ ืืื ืืงืื ืขืื ืืืืืงื ืฉืืืจ ื ืชื ืืืืืืง ืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืชืจ ืงืื ืืืืืืืง ืขืืื |- |By saying: not subject to division, i.e. for integers, but for fractions, it is subject to division. Understand. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืืจื ื ืื ืืงืื ืืืืืงื ืจ"ื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืฉืืจืื ืืงืื ืืืืืง ืืืื |- | === Not gone completely === |style="text-align:right;"|‫<ref>77r</ref>[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#not_gone_completely|<span style=color:blue>'''ืื ืื ืืฆื ืืืืฅ'''</span>]] |- |Explanation: decomposing the dividend until it reaches a number smaller than the divisor, is called completely gone [lit. exiting]. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืืชืืช ืืืืืืง ืขื ืฉืืืืข ืืืกืคืจ ืืืชืจ ืงืื ืืืืืืืง ืขืืื ืืงืจื ืืฆืืื ืืืืฅ |- |If it is divided [..], it reaches outside the rank of units, therefore it becomes fractions, ten of which is one whole, and they are called primes. Every prime is divided into 10 seconds. He did not aim only to the division of integers by integers. |style="text-align:right;"|ืฉืื ื ืืืง [..]ืืฆื ืืืืฅ ืืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืฉืจื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืงืจืื ืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืจืืฉืื ืืืืง ืื' ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืจืง ืืืืืง ืฉืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืื |- | === We always subtract backwards === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#we_always_subtract_backwards|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืืขืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืช'''</span>]] |- |It is necessary to investigate what brought him to this, because it is more correct and easier to subtract directly. |style="text-align:right;"|ืฆ"ืข ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืชืจ ื ืืื ืื ืงื ืืืกืจ ืืืืฉืจ |- | === One is like a point === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#one_is_as_a_point_in_a_circle|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืืื ืื ืงืื'''</span>]] |- |Explanation: because the point is like the foundation of the circle because the one who draws a circle, before drawing it, draws a center, on which he establishes the circumference of the circle. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืื ืื ืงืื ืืืกืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืขืืื ืืจื ืืงืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืฆืง ืขืืื ืืืื ื ืจืื ืืขืืื |- |The one is the foundation of the number, and therefore it cannot be divided like the point, since it is one. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืกืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืื ืืชืื ืืืืง ืืื ืื ืงืื ืืฆื ืฉืืื ืืื |- |But since every sum has the name of one, being composed of many individuals, like the body, which is composed of four phlegms and other organs, which have homogeneous parts, and the hand and the arm, and the rest of the organs, hence it is undoubtedly possible for it to be decomposed into parts, except for the intellect, in which the speech is created, for this reason it was decided that the simple division is done in the intellect, because without the intellect it is impossible in any way. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืืืฃ ืืืืจืื ืื' ืืืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืืข ืืฉืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืกืคืง ืืชืื ืื ืืชืคืจืงื ืืืืงื ืืืฅ ืืฉืื ืืชืืืฉ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืขืืืจ ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืง ืืคืฉืื ืืืขืฉืืชื ืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืฅ ืืฉืื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืฉืื ืคื ืื |- |Another explanation: all this is an explanation for dividing the one into fractions, and just as the point is an indivisible thing and all lines are drawn from it, so is the one, and for this reason it cannot be divided. |style="text-align:right;"|ืขืื ืคื' ืื ืื ืืฆืขื ืืืืืงืช ืืืื ืืฉืืจืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืงืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืชื ืืชืืืง ืืื ืืงืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืง |- | === Consists of surfaces === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#the_body_consists_of_surfaces|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืื'''</span>]] |- |Explanation: he did not mean that the body is a chemical composition of surfaces and not of lines and points, as explained in the physics books, but in his statement he meant the surfaces of the encompassing objects and many in the human body, such as the skull that is encompassed by one surface, and so are many organs, and the body is called one. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืืื ืืื ืชื ืฉืืืืฃ ืืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืงืืืช ืืืืืืจ ืืกืคืจื ืืืืข ืื ืืื ืชื ืืืืจื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืืืืช ืืืงืืคืืช ืืจืืื ืืืืฃ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืงืืคืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืจืืื ืืืืืฃ ืืงืจื ืืื |- | === It is similar to an odd number === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#similar_to_an_odd_number|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืคืจื'''</span>]] |- |Explanation: when you sum up the odds in sequence the squares of the number of the odds are generated. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืฉืืฉืชืืืจ ืื ืคืจืืื ืขื ืืกืืจ ืืืืืื ืืจืืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืคืจืืื |- |Because 1 is the square of 1. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{1=1^2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื' ืืื ืืจืืืข ื‫' |- |1 and [3] is the square of 2. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{1+3=2^2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื' ืขื ืืื ืืจืืืข ื‫' |- |1, 3 and 5 is the square of 3. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{1+3+5=3^2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื' ืขื ื' ืื' ืืื ืืจืืืข ื‫' |- |This is one of the properties of the number. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืื ืืกืืืช ืืืกืคืจ |- | === It is a half of an eighth === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#half_of_an_eighth|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืื ืืฆื ืฉืืื ืืช'''</span>]] |- |If you divide the product by the square of the denominator, the result of division is an integer. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืชืืืง ืื ืืคื ืขื ืืจืืืข ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืฆื ืืืืืืงื ืฉืืืื |- |If it cannot be divided, i.e. the square of the denominator is greater than the product, or it can be divided, but there is a remainder that cannot be divided, they are fractions named by the name of the square. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืืชืืืง ืจ"ื ‫<ref>77v</ref>ืฉืืืื ืืจืืืข ืืืืจื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืคื ืื ืืชืืืง ืืืฉืืจ ืฉืื ืืชืืืง ืืืื ืฉืืจืื ื ืงืจืืื ืืฉื ืืืจืืืข |- |If you divide the product by the denominator, the result are fractions named by the name of the denominator and what cannot be divided are fractions of fractions named by the name of the denominator. Understand. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืชืืืง ืื ืืคื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืฆื ืฉืืจืื ื ืงืจืืื ืืฉื ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืง ืืืื ืฉืืจื ืฉืืจืื ื ืงืจืืื ืืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืื |- |Let this rule be handed down to you: after you know the denominator, its square, and the product, divide the square by the product, or divide the product by the denominator. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืชืืข ืืืืจื ืืืจืืืขื ืืื ืืคื ืชืืืง ืืืจืืืข ืขื ืื ืืคื ืื ืชืืืง ืื ืืคื ืขื ืืืืจื |- | === But I shall teach you a short method === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#short_method|<span style=color:blue>'''ืจืง ืืืื ืืจื ืงืฆืจื'''</span>]] |- |Explanation: because according to what we said above, one denominator should be produced for all of them by multiplying one by the other, because the reason for the denominator issue is to find a number that will have all of these parts. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืื ืืคื ืื ืฉืืืจื ื ืืืขืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืืคื ืืืื ืขื ืืืืจ ืื ืืกืื ืืขื ืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืฆื ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื ืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื |- | :He did not really need to take sixths, because the thirds were enough for him: by multiplying [3] by 5; it is 15. We multiply it by 7; it is 105. We multiply it by 8; it is 840 and this is the common denominator. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{3\sdot5\sdot7\sdot8=15\sdot7\sdot8=105\sdot8=840}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืขืื ืืืืช ืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืงืืช ืฉืฉืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืฉืืืฉืืืช ืืื ื ืืคืื ืขื ื' ืืืื ื"ื ืขืื ื ืืคืื ืื ืขื ื' ืืืื ืง"ื ืขื' ื ืืคืื ืื ืื' ืืืื ืชืง"ื ืืืื ืืืืจื |- | :We look for the first number which is 2-thirds of a quarter of a fifth; it is 28. |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืงืฉ ืืืกืคืจ ืจืืฉืื ืฉืืื ื' ืฉืืืฉืืช ืจืืืขืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืืื ื"ื |- | :Because the fifth is 168. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{5}\sdot840=168}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืื ืงืก"ื |- | :Its quarter is 42. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{4}\sdot168=42}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืจืืืขืืชื ื"ื |- | :Its two-thirds are 28 and this is the first number. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{2}{3}\sdot42=28}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืชื ืฉืืืฉืืืชืื ื"ื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืจืืฉืื |- | :We know that its eighth is 105. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{8}\sdot840=105}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืขื ื ืฉืฉืืื ืืชื ืง"ื |- | :Its seventh is 15. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{7}\sdot105=15}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืืืขืืชื ื"ื |- | :Its six-sevenths are 90. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{6}{7}\sdot105=90}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืฉืฉ ืฉืืืขืืืช ืื ืฆ‫' |- | :We multiply 28 by 90; the result is two thousand and 5[2]0. |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืคืื ื"ื ืขื ืฆ' ืืขืื ืืืคืื ืช"ืง |- | :We divide it by 840, which is the denominator; the result is 3 and they are parts, of which 840 are one unit, which are a fifth of a seventh of an eighth, the eighth [of 840] is 105, its seventh is 15 and its fifth is 3 and this is the required. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{28\sdot90}{840}=\frac{2520}{840}=3}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืงื ืื ืขื ืชืช"ื ืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืืืขืื ื' ืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืืชืช"ื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืืขืืช ืืฉืืื ืืช ืฉืืฉืืื ืืช ืง"ื ืืฉืืืขืืชื ื"ื ืืืืืฉืืชื ื' ืืืื ืืืจืืฉ |- |It is necessary to examine the example that the scholar chose, because it is more appropriate to take the example with the smallest possible number. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฆ"ืข ืืืืืื ืฉืืงื ืืืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืจืืื ืืงืืช ืืืืืื ืืงืื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ |- |It is also necessary to examine why it was necessary to explain that since we have sixths, there is no need for a third as if the sixth had to be divided. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืฆ"ืข ืืื ืืืฆืจื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ืฉืืฉ ืื ื ืฉืฉืืืช ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืง ืฉืฉืืช |- | === The difference between the fifth and the ninth is four === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#difference_between_fifth_and_ninth|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืืืฉืืช ืืืชืฉืืขืืช ืืจืืข'''</span>]] |- |It is necessary to examine how he used the first method, because it does not apply to all numbers: |style="text-align:right;"|ืฆ"ืข ืืื ืืงื ืืจื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืกืคืจืื |- | *This is when we say: we take a third of the amount, plus its fifth and its seventh. How much is it from the value of the amount? :<math>\scriptstyle\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{7}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืงืื ื ืฉืืืฉืืช ืืืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืืฉืืืขืืชื<br> ืืื ืืื ืืขืจื ืืืืื |- | :According to his way it is as follows: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืคื ืืจืื ืืืื ืื |- | :We consider them as three sevenths, which is the smallest fraction. |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืื ื' ืฉืืืขืืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืคืืืช ืืืจ |- | :We multiply what is between the seventh and the third, which is 4, by what is between the fifth and the third, which is 2; the result of the multiplication is 8. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{7}\right)\sdot\left(\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{5}\right)=\frac{4}{3\sdot7}\sdot\frac{2}{3\sdot5}=\frac{8}{3\sdot7\sdot3\sdot5}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืคืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืขืืช ืืืฉืืืฉืืช ‫<ref>78r</ref>ืฉืืื ื' ืขื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืืฉืืช ืฉืืื ื' ืืืขืื ืืืคื ื‫' |- | :We convert five [of the 8] to a seventh; they are 4-sevenths and 3 remains [of the 8]. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{8}{3\sdot7\sdot3\sdot5}=\frac{1}{3\sdot7\sdot3}=\frac{3}{3\sdot7\sdot3\sdot5}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืขืฉื ืืืืืฉื ืฉืืืขืืช ืืืช ืืืืื ื' ืฉืืืขืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ื‫' |- | :We add it to 2, which is the difference between the third and the fifth; it is 3. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืืจื ืขื ื' ืฉืืื ืืืชืจืื ืฉืืื ืฉืืืฉืืช ืืืืืฉืืช ืืืื ื‫' |- | :According to this the ratio is 5-sevenths; the result is 75, since the denominator is 105. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืคื ืื ืืืื ืืขืจื ื' ืฉืืืขืืืช ืืืขืื ืข"ื ืืคื ืฉืืืืจื ืง"ื |- |colspan="2" | :<span style=color:green>It seems that the procedure described is as follows:</span> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\begin{align}\scriptstyle\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{7}&\scriptstyle=\frac{3}{7}+\left(\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{7}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{7}\right)=\frac{3}{7}+\frac{\frac{2}{5}}{7}+\frac{\frac{4}{3}}{7}=\frac{3}{7}+\frac{\frac{6}{5}-\frac{4}{5}}{7}+\frac{\frac{4}{3}}{7}\\&\scriptstyle=\frac{3}{7}+\frac{\frac{6}{5}}{7}+\frac{4\sdot\left(\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{5}\right)}{7}=\frac{3}{7}+\frac{1}{7}+\frac{\frac{1}{5}}{7}+\frac{\frac{4\sdot\frac{2}{3}}{5}}{7}\\\end{align}}}</math> |- | :According to the second way, which is the appropriate one, it is 7[1] parts of [10]5. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืคื ืืืจื ืฉื ื ืฉืืื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืข"ื ืืืงืื ืื ื‫' |- |It is also necessary to examine how he said in his example that the three are 3-fifths of a seventh of a ninth, when he initially said: we convert the 6 into a ninth. |style="text-align:right;"|ืขื' ืฆ"ืข ืืื ืื' ืืืืืื ื ืฉืืฉืืฉื ืืื ื' ืืืฉืืืช ืฉืืืขืืช ืืชืฉืืขืืช ืืืื ืืืจ ืชืืื ื ืขืฉื ืื ืื' ืชืฉืืขืืช ืืืช |- |There is another correct way to do this, only the increment between the [denominators of the] fractions is the same, such as 4, 5, 6, or 5, 7, 9, and it is to take the type of the middle fraction, instead of the three types of the three fractions, then the difference between the extremes is multiplied by the increment, and the sum is the required. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืฉ ืืื ืืจื ืืืจืช ื ืืื ื ืจืง ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืจืื ืฉืื ืืื ื'ื'ื' ื'ื'ื' ืืืื ืืงืืช ืืงืื ืื' ืืื ืื ื' ืฉืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืคื ืืจืืง ืืงืฆืืืช ืืืจืืง ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืืฉ |- |colspan="2" | :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\frac{1}{n}+\frac{1}{n+d}+\frac{1}{n+2d}=\frac{3}{n+d}+\frac{\left(\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+2d}\right)\sdot d}{n+d}}}</math> |- | === Example: The ratio of 4 to [6] === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#ratio_of_4_6_8|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืืืื ืขืจื ื' ืื‫''''</span>]] |- | :This is clear, because the square of the entire line, which is 16, is equal to the two squares of 12 and 4 in the proposition 4 of Euclid's II. |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืืื ืืชืืืจ ืื ืืจืืืข ืืงื ืืื ืฉืืื ื"ื ืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืืจืืืขื ื"ื ืื' ืืชืืื ืช ื' ืื' ืืืงืืืืืก |- | :The product of โโ6 by 8 is equal to the surface enclosed by 12 and 4. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{6\times8=12\times4}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืื ื' ืื' ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืงืืคื ืื ื"ื ืื‫' |- | :Since the ratio of 4 to 6 is the same as the ratio of 8 to 12. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{4:6=8:12}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืคื ืฉืืืก ื' ืื ื' ืืืืก ื' ืื ื"ื |- | :Therefore, the square of 16 is equal to the two squares of 12 and 4 and double the surface enclosed by 6 and 8. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{16^2=12^2+4^2+2\sdot\left(6\times8\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืืจืืืข ื"ื ืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืืจืืืขื ื"ื ืื' ืืืืคื ืืฉืื ืฉืืงืืคื ืื ื' ืื‫' |- | :But [the sum of] the two squares of 6 and 8 is equal to the double the surface enclosed by 6 and 8, with the square of [the difference] between 6 and 8, as explained in II.5. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{6^2+8^2=2\sdot\left(6\times8\right)+\left(8-6\right)^2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืฉื ื ืืจืืืขื ื' ื' ืฉืืื ืืืคื ืืฉืื ืฉืืงืืคื ืื ื' ื' ืขื ืืจืืืข ืื ืฉืืื ื' ื' ืืืืืืจ ืื' ืื‫' |- | :Therefore, the square of 16 with the square of the difference between 6 and 8 is equal to the four squares of 4, 6, 8 and 12. This is explained from the second and third. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{16^2+\left(8-6\right)^2=4^2+6^2+8^2+12^2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืืจืืืข ื"ื ืขื ืืจืืืข ืืืชืจืื ืฉืืื ื' ืื' ืฉืื ืื' ืืจืืืขื ื' ื' ื' ื"ื ืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืฉื ื ืืืฉืืืฉื |- | === Its proportions are composed === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#its_proportions_are_composed|<span style=color:blue>'''ืื ืขืจืืื ืืืจืืืื'''</span>]] |- |Explanation: the harmonic proportions consist of the geometric and the arithmetic proportions, as they are determined by the division of the excess of the one by the other and the ratio of one number by the other number. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{\left(a_2-a_1\right):\left(a_3-a_2\right)=a_1:a_3}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืคื' ืขืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืจืืืื ืขืจืื ืืืืืช ืืขืจืื ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืง ืืืชืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืืก ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืจ |- | === Because the ratio is always === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#ratio_between_first_and_last|<span style=color:blue>'''ืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืืขืจื'''</span>]] |- |Because the ratio of what is between the first and the mean to what is between the mean and the last is always the same as the ratio of the first number to the last number. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืืืืก ืื ืฉืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืฆืขื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืก ืืืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืืจืื |- | === Question: Reuven hired Shimon === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#Reuven_hired_Shimon|<span style=color:blue>'''ืฉืืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืจ ืฉืืขืื'''</span>]] |- | :The rule of all these methods is that we multiply 11 by 9; it is 99. Divide it by 17; the result is 5 peลกuแนญim and 14 parts of 17 of one paลกuแนญ. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{11\sdot9}{17}=\frac{99}{17}=5+\frac{14}{17}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืคืื ื"ื ืขื ื' ืืืืื ืฆ"ื ืืืืงื ืขื ื"ื ืืขืื ื' ืคืฉื' ืื"ื ืืืงืื ืื"ื ‫<ref>78v</ref>ืืคืฉื‫' |- |This rule is given to you in proportions: the number that corresponds to the unknown, which is in the place of the zero, is the denominator. If zero is one of the extremes, the other extreme is the denominator; and if zero is one of the means, the other mean is the denominator. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืจืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื ืืื ืื ืขืื ืฉืืื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืงืฆืืืช ืืงืฆื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืฆืขืืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจื |- | === And you do not know the third: multiply the first by the second === |style="text-align:right;"|[[ืกืคืจ_ืืืกืคืจ_/_ืืืจืื_ืืื_ืขืืจื#the_third_is_unknown|<span style=color:blue>'''ืืื ืชืืข ืืฉืืืฉื ืืคืื ืืจืืฉืื ืขื ืืฉื ื'''</span>]] |- |This is clear from 19.V: when the sum to the sum is as the ratio of the whole to the whole, then the ratio of the remainder to the remainder is as the ratio of the whole to the whole. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืชืืืจ ืื"ื ืื' ืืืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืก ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืก ืื ืฉืืจ ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืก ืืื ืื ืืื |- | :Therefore, in his second example, since the ratio of the unknown difference between 3 and 4 to the difference between 4 and the unknown number is as the ratio of the known 3 to the unknown 6, and the unknown is greater than its excess over 4, then 3 is greater than the difference between 3 and 4, according to Euclid's 14.V. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(4-3\right):\left(6-4\right)=3:6}}</math> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{6>\left(6-4\right)}}</math> :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{3>\left(4-3\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฉื ื ืืคื ืฉืืืก ืืืชืจืื ืฉืืื ื' ืื' ืืืืืข ืื ืืืชืจืื ืฉืืื ื' ืืืืกืคืจ ืื ืขืื ืืืืก ื' ืืืืืข ืื ื' ืื ืขืื ืืื ื ืื ืขืื ืืืื ืืืชืจืื ื ืขื ื' ืื ื ืื ืื ื' ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืชืจืื ืฉืืื ื' ืื' ืื"ื ืื' ืืงืืืืืก |- | :The difference between 3 and 4 is known, so when we subtract it from 3, the remainder is known and it is 2. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{3-\left(4-3\right)=2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืชืจืื ืฉืืื ื' ืื' ืืืืข ืื ืื ืืฉืืกืจื ืืื ืื' ืืืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืข ืืืื ื‫' |- | :We also know that 4 is the remainder, when we subtract from 6 the excess of 6 over it. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{6-\left(6-4\right)=4}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืืืขื ื ืฉื' ืืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืฉืืกืจื ื ืื' ืืืชืจืื ืฉื ืืกืฃ ืขื ื‫' |- | :Now, we have three known numbers: |style="text-align:right;"|ืืขืชื ืืฉ ืื ื ื' ืืกืคืจืื ืืืืขืื |- | :The first is 2 and it is the remainder from 3, when the difference between 3 and 4 is subtracted from it. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{a_1=3-\left(4-3\right)=2}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ื' ืืืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืื' ืืฉืืืกืจ ืืื ื ืืืชืจืื ืฉืืื ื' ืื‫' |- | :The second is 3, which is the known whole. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{a_2=3}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉื ื ื' ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืข |- | :The third is 4, which is the remainder from the unknown, when its excess over 4 is subtracted from it. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{a_3=a-\left(a-4\right)=4}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืืืฉื ื' ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืื ืขืื ืืฉืืืกืจ ืืื ื ืืืชืจืื ืฉืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ื‫' |- | :We know that the ratio of the subtracted from 3 to the subtracted from the unknown is as the ratio of 3, which is the whole, to the unknown. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(4-3\right):\left(a-4\right)=3:a}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืขื ื ืฉืืืก ืืืืืกืจ ืื' ืื ืืืืืกืจ ืืื ืขืื ืืืืก ื' ืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืขืื |- | :Therefore, the ratio of 2, which is the remainder, to 4, which is the remainder, is as the ratio of 3 to the unknown. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left[3-\left(4-3\right)\right]:\left[a-\left(a-4\right)\right]=2:4=3:a}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืืืก ื' ืื ืฉืืจ ืื ื' ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืก ื' ืื ืื ืขืื |- | :We multiply the means, which are 4 and 3; it is 12. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ื ืืคืื ืืืืฆืขืืื ืฉืื ื' ืื' ืืืื ื"ื |- | :We divide 12 by 2; it is 6, etc. :<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{a_4=a=\frac{a_2\sdot a_3}{a_1}=\frac{3\sdot4}{2}=\frac{12}{2}=6}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืืง ื"ื ืขื ื' ืืืื ื' ืืื‫' |- |Understand the others from Euclid's 18.V. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืชืืื ืืืืจืื ืื"ื ืื' ืืงืืืืืก |- |Proposition 16 is derived this way: the first and the seventh are taken, and they are cardinal points. One proposition is derived from both of them. From the fourth and tenth, which are cardinal points, another proposition is derived. Then, from both of them, one proposition is derived, called the 16th, and is the strongest of them all. |style="text-align:right;"|ืฆืืจืช ืื"ื ืืืฆืืืื ืืืชื ืืืจื ืื ืืืงืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืฉืืืขืืช ืืื ืืชืืืช ืืืืฆืืืื ืืฉืชืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืช ืืืืจืืืขืืช ืืืขืฉืืจืืช ืืื ืืชืืืช ืืืฆืืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืจืช ืืืฉืชืืื ืืืฆืืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืช ืืืื ื ืงืจืืช ืื"ื ืืืื ืืืงื ืืืื |- |I have found, with the help of God, proposition 16: We take the first and seventh propositions and derive one proposition from both of them. We take proposition 15, and from these two, we derive another proposition, which is the 16th, and this is a secret. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืฆืืชื ืืข"ื ืฆืืจืช ืื"ื ื ืงื ืืฆืืจื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืฉืืืขืืช ืืขืืฉืื ืืฉืชืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืช ืื ืงื ืฆืืจืช ืื"ื ‫<ref>79r</ref>ืืืฉืชืื ืืื ื ืขืฉื ืฆืืจื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืื"ื ืืื ืกืื |- | == Additional Word Problems (P1026) == | |- | *Question: three went to the market to buy a fish, whose price is 5 peลกuแนญim. :One said: I will give everything in my purse and you will give only half of what is in your purse. :Another said: I will give everything in my purse and you will give only a third of what is in your purse. :Another said: I will give everything in my purse and you will give only a quarter of what is in your purse. :How much is in the purse of each of them? :<math>\scriptstyle\begin{cases}\scriptstyle a+\frac{1}{2}\sdot\left(b+c\right)=5\\\scriptstyle b+\frac{1}{3}\sdot\left(a+c\right)=5\\\scriptstyle c+\frac{1}{4}\sdot\left(a+b\right)=5\end{cases}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืฉืืฉื ืืืื ืืงื ืืช ืื ืืฉืืง ืขืจืื ื' ืคืฉื‫'<br> ืืืจ ืืื ืื ื ืืชื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืกื ืืืชื ืื ืชืชื ื ืจืง ืืืฆื ืฉืืืืกืื<br> ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืื ื ืืชื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืกื ืืืชื ืื ืชืชื ื ืจืง ืฉืืืฉ ืฉืืื<br> ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืื ื ืืชื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืกื ืืืชื ืื ืชืชื ื ืจืง ืืจืืืข ืฉืืืืกืื<br> ืืื ืืืื ืืืืก ืื ืืื |- | ::We look for the common denominator; it is 12. |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืงืฉ ืืืืจื ืืืื ื"ื |- | ::29: we can extract three numbers from it, so that the three [sums] will be equal to the same number: 5, 11, 13. |style="text-align:right;"|ื"ื ืื ืืื ื ื ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ื' ืืกืคืจืื ืฉืืฉืชืื ืฉืืฉืชื ืืืกืคืจ ืืื ืืื ื' ื"ื ื"ื |- | ::The owner of the 5 will ask for a half. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{5+\frac{1}{2}\sdot\left(11+13\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืขื ื' ืืฉืื ืืืฆื |- | ::The owner of the 11 will ask for a third. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{11+\frac{1}{3}\sdot\left(5+13\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืขื ื"ื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉ |- | ::The owner of the 13 will ask for a quarter. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{13+\frac{1}{4}\sdot\left(5+11\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืขื ื"ื ืืฉืื ืืจืืืข |- | *Question: Reuven, Shimon, Levi and Yehuda. :Reuven told Shimon: everything in my purse plus a half of what is in your purse is 5 dinar. :Shimon told Levi: everything in my purse plus a third of what is in your purse is 5 dinar. :Levi told Yehuda: everything in my purse plus a quarter of what is in your purse is 5 dinar. :Yehuda, the fourth, told Reuven, the first: everything in my purse plus a fifth of what is in your purse is 5 dinar. :How much is in the purse of each of them? |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืจืืืื ืฉืืขืื ืืื ืืืืืื<br> ืื' ืจืืืื ืืฉืืขืื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืกื ืขื ืืฆื ืฉืืืืกื ืืื ื' ืื‫'<br> ืื' ืฉืืขืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืกื ืขื ืฉืืืฉ ืฉืืืืกื ืืื ื' ืื‫'<br> ืื' ืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืกื ืขื ืจืืืข ืื ืฉืืืืกื ืืื ื' ืื‫'<br> ืื' ืืืืื ืืจืืืขื ืืจืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืกื ืขื ืืืืฉ ืื ืฉืืืืกื ืืื ื' ืื‫'<br> ืืื ืืืืก ืื ืืื |- | :The answer: ::Reuven: 37 peลกuแนญim and 97 parts of 11[9] of one paลกuแนญ ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{37}{12}+\frac{\frac{97}{119}}{12}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืชืฉืืื</big> ืจืืืื ื"ื ืคืฉื' ืฆ"ื ืืืงื' ืืงื"ื ืืคืฉื‫' |- | ::Shimon: 44 peลกiแนญim and 44 parts. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{44}{12}+\frac{\frac{44}{119}}{12}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืฉืืขืื ื"ื ืคืฉื' ื"ื ืืืงืื |- | ::Levi: 46 peลกuแนญim and 106 parts. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{46}{12}+\frac{\frac{106}{119}}{12}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ื"ื ืคืฉื' ืง"ื ืืืงืื |- | ::Yehuda: 52 peลกiแนญim and 52 parts. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\frac{52}{12}+\frac{\frac{52}{119}}{12}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืืื ื "ื ืคืฉื' ื ื ืืืงืื |- | ::We find that all that Reuven has with half of what Shimon has is 5. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{37}{12}+\frac{\frac{97}{119}}{12}\right)+\frac{1}{2}\sdot\left(\frac{44}{12}+\frac{\frac{44}{119}}{12}\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืจืืืื ืขื ืืฆื ืฉืืขืื ื‫' |- | ::Also what Shimon has with a third of what Levi has. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{44}{12}+\frac{\frac{44}{119}}{12}\right)+\frac{1}{3}\sdot\left(\frac{46}{12}+\frac{\frac{106}{119}}{12}\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืฉืืขืื ืขื ืฉืืืฉ ืืื |- | ::Also what Levi has with a quarter of what Yehuda has. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{46}{12}+\frac{\frac{106}{119}}{12}\right)+\frac{1}{4}\sdot\left(\frac{52}{12}+\frac{\frac{52}{119}}{12}\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืื ืขื ืจืืืข ืืืืื <s>ืื ืื ืจืืืื ืฉืื</s> |- | ::Also what Yehuda has with a fifth of what Reuven has. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{52}{12}+\frac{\frac{52}{119}}{12}\right)+\frac{1}{5}\sdot\left(\frac{37}{12}+\frac{\frac{97}{119}}{12}\right)}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืฉ ืจืืืื |- | ::We subtract the common half of Shimon; what Reuven has remains equal to half of what Shimon has with a third of what Levi has. |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืกืืจ ืืฆื ืฉืืขืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืืืฉืืจ ืจืืืื ืฉืื ืืืฆื ืฉืืขืื ืขื ืฉืืืฉ ืืื |- | colspan=2| ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{Reuven+\frac{1}{2}\sdot Shimon=Shimon+\frac{1}{3}\sdot Levi\quad/-\frac{1}{2}\sdot Shimon}}</math> ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{Reuven=\frac{1}{2}\sdot Shimon+\frac{1}{3}\sdot Levi}}</math> |- | ::What Shimon has is equal to two-thirds of what Levi has with a quarter of what Yehuda has. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืฉืืขืื ืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉื ืืื ืขื ืจืืืข ืืืืื |- | colspan=2| ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{Shimon+\frac{1}{3}\sdot Levi=Levi+\frac{1}{4}\sdot Yehuda\quad/-\frac{1}{3}\sdot Levi}}</math> ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{Shimon=\frac{2}{3}\sdot Levi+\frac{1}{4}\sdot Yehuda}}</math> |- | ::So, what Reuven has is equal to two-thirds of what Levi has with an eighth of what Yehuda has. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืจืืืื ืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืื |- | colspan=2| ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{Reuven=\frac{2}{3}\sdot Levi +\frac{1}{8}\sdot Yehuda}}</math> |- | ::What Levi has is equal to 3-quarters of what Yehuda has with a fifth of what Reuven has. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื' ืจืืขื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืฉ ืจืืืื |- | colspan=2| ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{OliveGreen}{Levi+\frac{1}{4}\sdot Yehuda=Yehuda+\frac{1}{5}\sdot Reuven\quad/-\frac{1}{4}\sdot Yehuda}}</math> ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{Levi=\frac{3}{4}\sdot Yehuda+\frac{1}{5}\sdot Reuven}}</math> |- | ::So, what Reuven has is equal to 5-eighths of what Yehuda has with 2 parts of 15 of what Reuven him self has. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืื ืจืืืื ืฉืื ืื' ืฉืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืื' ืืืงื' ืื"ื ืืจืืืื ืขืฆืื |- | colspan=2| ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{Reuven=\frac{5}{8}\sdot Yehuda+\frac{2}{15}\sdot Reuven}}</math> |- | ::Reuven has 75; Shimon has 88; Levi has 93; Yehuda has 104 |style="text-align:right;"|ื'ืค'ื' ืจืืืื ืข"ื ืฉืืขืื ืค"ื ืืื ืฆ"ื ืืืืื ืง"ื |- | ::Or, Reuven has 37 and a half; Shimon has 44; Levi has 46 and a half; Yehuda has 52 |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืจืืืื ื"ื ืืืฆื ‫<ref>79v</ref>ืฉืืขืื ื"ื ืืื ื"ื ืืืฆื ืืืืื ื "ื |- | ::And so on for their halves. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืื |- |Question: a man arrived to a country and took an oath that if he will double his money every day, he will would spend a certain amount of it each day. After a few days he had nothing left. :How much money did he have? |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืฉืืื</big> ืืื ื ืื ืก [ืืข]ืืจ ืื ืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืคืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืกื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื<br> ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืื |- |The method: we look for a number, such that, when doubled in a double ratio as many times as the number of days, at the end of which he has nothing left, the result is the amount he spends every day. We subtract this required number from the amount he spends each day and the remainder is the amount of money he has. |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืืจื</big> ืืื ืฉื ืืงืฉ ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืืคืื ืคืขืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืขื ืืืก ืืืคื ืฉืืืจืืื ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืืืื ืืขืื ืืกื ืฉืืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืืืืงืฉ ื ืืจืข ืืืกื ืฉืืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืื |- | :*Example: he spends 48 peลกiแนญim every day and at the end of three days he has nothing left. |style="text-align:right;"|<big>ืืืฉื</big> ืฉืืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ื"ื ืคืฉื' ืืืกืืฃ ื' ืืืื ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืืืื |- | ::6 is the number that when doubled in a double ratio as many times as the number of days, which is 3, the result is 48. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืืคืื ืขื ืืืก ืืืคื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืฉืื ื' ืืขืื ื"ื ืืื ื‫' |- | ::Because, when we double 6, the result is 12. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\sdot6=12}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืฉื ืืคืื ื' ืืขืื ื"ื |- | ::When we double 12, the result is 24. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\sdot12=24}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืฉื ืืคืื ื"ื ืขืื ื"ื |- | ::And when we double 24, the result is 48. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\sdot24=48}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืฉื ืืคืื ื"ื ืขืื ื"ื |- | ::We subtract 6 from 48; 42 remains and this is the amount of money he has. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{48-6=42}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืจืข ืืกืคืจ ื' ืื"ื ืืืฉืืจ ื"ื ืืื ืืืขืืช ืฉืืืื |- | :*Or: he spends 18 peลกiแนญim every day and at the end of five days he has nothing left. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืฉืืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ื"ื ืคืฉื' ืืืกืืฃ ื' ืืืื ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืืืื |- | ::One half and one part of 16, which is 9 parts of 16, is the number that when doubled in a double ratio as many times as the number of days, which is 5, the result is 18. |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืืคืื ืขื ืืืก ืืืคื ืคืขืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืฉืืื ื' ืืขืื ื"ื ืืื ืืฆื ืืืืง ืืื ืื"ื ืฉืื ื' ืืืงืื ืื"ื |- | ::Because, when we double one half and one part of 16, the result is 1 and one-eighth. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\sdot\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{16}\right)=1+\frac{1}{8}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืฉื ืืคืื ืืฆื ืืืืง ืืื ืื"ื ืืขืื ื' ืืฉืืื ืืช |- | ::When we double 1 and one-eighth, the result is 2 and a quarter. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\sdot\left(1+\frac{1}{8}\right)=2+\frac{1}{4}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืฉื ืืคืื ื' ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืขืื ื' ืืจืืืข |- | ::When we double 2 and a quarter, the result is 4 and a half. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\sdot\left(2+\frac{1}{4}\right)=4+\frac{1}{2}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืฉื ืืคืื ื' ืืจืืืข ืืขืื ื' ืืืฆื |- | ::When we double 4 and a half, the result is 9. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\sdot\left(4+\frac{1}{2}\right)=9}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืฉื ืืคืื ื' ืืืฆื ืืขืื ื‫' |- | ::And when we double 9 for the fifth time, the result is 18. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{2\sdot9=18}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ืืืฉื ืืคืื ืืืฉืืช ื' ืืขืื ื"ื |- | ::We subtract a half and one part of 16 [from 18]; the result is 17 and 7 parts of 16 and this is the amount of money he has. ::<math>\scriptstyle{\color{blue}{18-\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{16}\right)=17+\frac{7}{16}}}</math> |style="text-align:right;"|ื ืืจืข ืืกืคืจ ืืฆื ืืืืง ืืื ืื"ื ืืขืื ื"ื ืื' ืืืงืื ืื"ื ืืื ืืืขืืช ืฉืืืื |- |The reason the root is written in the middle rank, whether there is an odd number of ranks, or an even number, is that we shift the even rank above the preceding rank and add them together, as when we write 7 above the 9 and it becomes seventy. |style="text-align:right;"|‫<ref>80r</ref>ืืขื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืฉืจืฉ ืื ืืืฆืข ืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ื ืคืจืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืื ืืืืืจืื ืฉืืคื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืื <sup>ื'</sup> ืืืขืื ืื' ืืืืื ืฉืืขืื |- |Since in every product, the ranks are doubled. After we square it, the product has six ranks. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืคื ืฉืืขืืื ืืื ืืคื ืืืืจืืืช ืืคืืืืช ืืืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื ืืื ืืจืืืข ืืืืืชื ืขืืื ืืฉืฉื ืืืจืืืช |- |If the result of multiplication has an even [number of ranks]: |style="text-align:right;"|ืื ืืฉ ืืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช |- | :As here, where 8 by 8 is 64. So, 64 is beneath the sixth rank. |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืื ืฉื' ืขื ื' ืขืืื ืืก"ื ืืืื ืก"ื ืืื ืชืืช ืืืืจืื ืืฉืฉืืช |- |If the number [of the ranks] is odd, we take the root from [...] |style="text-align:right;"|ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ื ืคืจื ืื ื ืงื ืฉืจืฉ ืื ืื ืื |- |} == Notes == <div style="text-align: right;"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <br> <references group=note/> </div></div></div> == Apparatus == <div style="text-align: right;"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <br> <references /> </div></div></div> == Appendix: Bibliography == Immanuel ben Jacob Tov-Elem / Immanuel Bonfils / Immanuel of Trascon (flourished c. 1340-1377)<br> '''Manuscripts:'''<br> :1) Firenze, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana Plut. 88.30/2 (IMHM: f 17853), ff. 37r-38r (15th century)<br> :[http://mss.bmlonline.it/s.aspx?Id=AWOMPwlpI1A4r7GxMS-Y&c=II.%20Alae%20aquilarum#/oro/83 Plut. 88.30/2] :2) London, British Library Or. 10878 (IMHM: f 8193), ff. 6r-7v (15th century)<br> :[http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=or_10878_fs001r Or. 10878] :3) Moscow, Russian State Library, Ms. Guenzburg 365/11 (IMHM: f 43035), ff. 193v-196v (15th-16th century) :[https://www.nli.org.il/he/discover/manuscripts/hebrew-manuscripts/viewerpage?vid=MANUSCRIPTS&docid=PNX_MANUSCRIPTS990000547180205171-1#$FL76982257 Guenzburg 365] :4) Paris, Bibliothรจque Nationale de France heb. 903/7 (IMHM: f 26859), ff. 138r-140r (15th century)<br> :[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10720064g/f146.item heb. 903/7] :5) Paris, Bibliothรจque Nationale de France heb. 1026/6 (IMHM: f 15025), ff. 72r-80v (16th century)<br> :[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b90644633/f77.image.r=Hรฉbreu.langEN heb. 1026/6] :6) Paris, Bibliothรจque Nationale de France heb. 1054/8 (IMHM: f 33997), ff. 31r-v (15th century)<br> :[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9064656n/f33.image.r=Hรฉbreu.langEN heb. 1054/8] :7) Paris, Bibliothรจque Nationale de France heb. 1081/3 (IMHM: f 15037), ff. 4r-15v (16th-17th century)<br> :[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10545029v/f42.image.r=1081 heb. 1081/3]<br> '''Bibliography:'''<br> *Gandz, Solomon. 1936. The Invention of the Decimal Fractions and the Application of the Exponential Calculus by Immanuel Bonfils of Tarascon (c. 1350), Isis XXIV, pp. 16โ45. *Lรฉvy, Tony. 2003. Immanuel ben Jacob de Tarascon (XIVe s.): fractions dรฉcimales, puissances de 10 et opรฉrations arithmรฉtiques, Centaurus 45, pp. 284-304. *โโโ. 2012. Immanuel ben Jacob of Tarascon (Fourteenth Century) and Archimedean Geometry: An Alternative Proof for the Area of a Circle, Aleph. 12.1, pp. 135-159. *Rabinovitch, Nahum. 1974. An Archimedean Tract of Immanuel Tov-Elem (14th Cent.), Historia Mathematica 1, pp. 13โ27. *Rashed, Roshdi. 1994. The development of Arabic mathematics: between arithmetic and algebra. Translated by A.F.W. Armstrong. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 85-146. *Sarton, George. 1934. Simon Stevin of Bruges (1548-1620), Isis, vol. 21, no. 2 (Jul., 1934), pp. 241-303. *โโโ.1935. The First Explanation of Decimal Fractions and Measures (1585). Together with a History of the Decimal Idea and a Facsimile (No. XVII) of Stevin's Disme, Isis, vol. 23, no. 1 (Jun., 1935), pp. 153-244. *Steinschneider, Moritz. 1893-1901. Mathematik bei den Juden. Berlin-Leipzig-Frankfurt: Kaufmann, pp. 155-163 (f79-f87); repr. Hildesheim: G. Olms, 1964 and 2001.
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